x BENCH 

PROHUNCIATION 

.TMTED. 



^^rrrrr^rl 



J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 




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! UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, i 



NEW AND COMPLETE GUIDE 



PRONUNCIATION AND READING 



FRENCH LANGUAGE; 



1LLUSTKATED "WITH 



ANALOGOUS ENGLISH SOUNDS. 



BY 

NORMAN W. CAMP, D. D, 

Neto fork: 

PUBLISHED BY GEORGE SAVAGE, 58 FULTON STREET. 
PHILADELPHIA: LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO, 

LONDON" :— SAMPSON', LOW, SON & CO. 

1853. 









PREFACE. 



A wish to assist the student in acquiring- a correct and intelligible Pronunciation 
of the French Language, prompted the writing of this little book. How far the author 
has succeeded, remains to be tested. Within a few years past, the desire to learn the 
French language, has become almost universal ; and hence, the multiplication of 
Grammars, Dictionaries and various elementary books to meet that desire. Most of 
--our scholars now translate the French with facility ;— but how few are able to pro- 
nounce it either correctly or satisfactorily I Teachers of this language ordinarily 
depend upon the pupil's capacity to imitate sound, rather then upon any rules.or practi- 
cal examples. Hence the variety and incorrectness of spoken French in our schools. 
An elementary work devoted exclusively to Pronunciation, has been a desideratum 
long felt and acknowledged by all. Of Grammars, many in number, and for the most 
part, excellent in quality, we have enough ; and now, this book comes upon the stage, 
and only asks to be studied carefully and patiently, before its merits are acknowledged. 
It claims nothing new, except its arrangement, and the practical illustration of every 
sound in the French language ,_by_means of Analogous English sounds, with which 
every scholar is presumed to be familiar. 

The author hopes it may be found serviceable in the first place, to those who cannot 
have the aid of the living teacher. 

Secondly, to those who, whilst they can translate the French without difficulty, still 
have little or no confidence in their own pronunciation. 

Thirdly, to all teachers of the French language, both natives and foreigners. To 
those of the former, who wish to be both practical and thorough in their work : and to 
those of the latter especially, whose limited knowledge of the English Language, 
precludes to a certain extent, an illustration of peculiar sounds in a discriminating and 
intelligible manner. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, 

By George Savage, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. 



*l •.-* 



^ J *>* ' *•« -j*^\v\ 



% * . . ^ 









Uniformity not Innovation. 



THE 



MODERN LANGUAGES 



ILLUSTRATED BY 



ANALOGOUS ENGLISH SOUNDS. 



No. 1 FRENCH. 

" 2 GERMAN. 

11 3 SPANISH. 

" 4 ITALIAN. 



BY 

REV. N. W. CAMP, D. D. 



Electro typed by A. H. Jocelyn, New York, 1853. 



FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 



Lesson L 

Alphabet of the French Language. 

1. A tolerable Pronunciation of any spoken language 
may be acquired by imitating the sounds of that language, 
as uttered by a living teacher. But the Reading and 
Writing of any language cannot thus be learned. The 
pupil must bring into requisition something else besides his 
imitative powers, if he would thoroughly comprehend any 
language. The Alphabet of the language to be learned 
must be exhibited, examined, and mastered. 

2. An Alphabet, is a collection of different characters 
called letters, each of which represents its own peculiar 
sound. These letters differ from each other in name, form, 
size, and sound. Used as vehicles of thought, they must 
not only be familiar to the eye, but their use, both singly 
and combined, must be understood. 



LESSON I. 



3. Two objects are before the student whilst perusing 
this book, viz. : — 

First. — The acquisition of the correct pronunciation of 
the various sounds of the letters of the French Alphabet 

Secondly. — To learn how to combine and use these 
sounds, in order to read the French Language easily, intel- 
ligibly, and profitably. 

4. The first object will be accomplished by the aid of 
analogous English sounds; that is, every sound represented 
by a letter or combination of letters of the French Alpha- 
bet, will be unfolded, analyzed, and defined, as far as 
possible, by means of analogous sounds of a letter or 
continuation of letters of the English Alphabet. 

5. The second object will be accomplished by learning a 
few brief and simple Rules, illustrated and enforced by 
appropriate examples. 

6. Diligent attention, patient labor, and a determina- 
tion TO SUCCEED, will enable the learner to overcome 
every obstacle, and thus make him master of a Language 
not only exceedingly difficult for foreigners to acquire, but 
beautiful in itself, and coexistent with the triumphs of 
civilization. 

1. The student's attention is next directed to an inspec- 
tion of the French Alphabet. 







THE ALPHABET 




7 


Capitals. 


Small Letters. 


Capitals. Small Letters. 


A 


a 




A 


a 


B 


b 




B 


b 


C 


c 




C 


c 


D 


d 




D 


d 


E 


e 




E 


e 


F 


f 




F 


f 


a 


g 


Compare the Al- 


a 


g 


H 


h 




H 


h 


I 


i 


phabet at the left 


I 


i 


J 


j 


of this page, with 


J 


j 


K 


k 


the one on the 


K 


k 


L 
M 


1 

m 


right, which is the 


L 
M 


1 

m 


U 


n 


English Alphabet, 


Bf 


n 








and carefully note 



P 

Q 





p 

Q 


P 

q 

r 


the difference be- 


P 

q 

r 


tween them. 


S 


s 




S 


s 


T 


t 




T 


t 


U 


u 




TJ 


u 


Y 


V 




Y 


V 






- 


W 


w 


X 


X 




X 


X 


Y 


y 




Y 


y 


Z 


z 




Z 


z 


In the 


French 


Alphabet there 


are only twenty-five 


letters ; it has no 


letter which corresponds to the 


English 


W, though 


it is occasionally found in 


French books 


. It is 


used only 


m foreign words, and then 


pronounced 


like the 


English Y 










8. The 


French 


Alphabet is divided into Towels and 


Consonants. 









LESSON I. 



9. VOWELS. 
These six letters are called Yowels, viz. : — 
a e i O U and y. 

10. CONSONANTS. 
These nineteen letters are called Consonants, viz. : — 

bcclfghj kin 
n p q r S t V x and z. 
11. COMPOUND VOWELS. 
They are thus called, because, being united together, 
each vowel loses its own simple sound, and helps to form 
another new sound. They form but one syllable, and are 
consequently pronounced by one emission of the voice. 
There are seven Compound Yowels, viz. : — 

ai au ean ei eu oi and on. 

12. DIPHTHONGS. 

They are thus called, because, though pronounced as 
one syllable, yet the sound of both vowels is distinctly 
heard. 

There are six Diphthongs, viz. : — 

ia ie io ua lie and ui. 
The following ten combinations of three successive 
vowels are also called Diphthongs, viz.: — 

iai ian ieu oua oue oui uai tiei me and neu. 
These Diphthongs are thus divided into syllables, viz. : — 
i-ai i-au i-eu ou-a ou-e ou-i u-ai 
u-ei ii-ie and u-eu. 



THE ALPHABET. 9 



They must, however, be pronounced quickly, and as one 
syllable. 

Sometimes, also, we find four successive vowels in the 
same word, viz. : — 

OTiai in the -word jou-ai, 

oueu " jou-eur, and 

ouee " bou-e'e. 

The first example — ouai, is composed of two compound 
vowels, viz. : ou and air 

The second example — oueu, is also composed of two 
compound vowels, viz. : ou and eu. 

In the last example — ouee, the final E is silent, and the 
three vowels are thus divided, viz. : ou and e. 
13. Y. 
The vowel Y is frequently found combined with other 
vowels, but in such combinations it is never used as a 
diphthong. Its use in combination is peculiar, and will be 
fully explained hereafter. 

14. NASAL VOWEL SOUNDS. 
These are certain sounds produced by the combination 
of the vowels, with the consonants M and N, viz. : 

am em irn om urn ym and 
an en in on un yn; 

whose sounds will be explained hereafter. 

15. NASAL DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 

These are certain sounds produced by the combination 
of nasal vowels with another vowel, not nasal, before 
them, viz. : 

ian ien ion uan uin ouan and ouin. 



10 QUESTIONS ON" THE FIRST LESSON. 

16. LIQUIDS. 

The following combinations of the consonants are called 
Liquids, viz. : 

11 and gn. 

The sounds of these liquids are very common in the 
French language, and will be explained hereafter. 



QUESTIONS ON THE FIRST LESSON. 

1. What is the subject of the First Lesson ? 

By what means may a tolerable Pronunciation of any 
spoken language be acquired ? 

By what means only, can the reading and writing of any 
language be obtained ? 

2. What is an Alphabet ? 

In what particulars do letters differ from each other ? 
What is said concerning them ? 

3. State the first object set forth. 
State the second. 

4. By the aid of xohat, is the first object to be accom- 
plished ? 

Explain this. 

5. Hoiu is the second object to be accomplished ? 

6. What are necessary to insure the learner's success in 
this undertaking ? 

What is said here about the French Language ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE FIEST LESSON. 11 

7. Of how many letters is the French Alphabet com- 
posed ? 

On comparing the French with the English Alphabet, 
wherein do they differ from each other ? 

Whenever a W is found in the French language, like 
what English letter is it pronounced ? 

8 Into what, is the French Alphabet divided ? 

9 How many vowels are there ? 

10 How many consonants are there ? 

1 1. What are Compound Yowels ? 
How many are there ? 

12. What are Diphthongs? 
How many are there ? 

How many diphthongal combinations of three successive 
vowels are there ? 

How must they be pronounced ? 

Are there also diphthongal combinations of four success- 
ive vowels? 

13. What is here said of Y ? 

14. What are Nasal Vowel Sounds? 
How many are there ? 

15. What are Nasal Diphthongal Sounds? 
How many are there ? 

16. What are Liquid Sounds? 
How many are there ? 

Xame them. 

What is here said concerning them ? 



12 LESSON II. 



Lesson II, 

French Accents. 

11. The constant use of certain marks called Accents 
in the French language, constitutes a marked peculiarity 
which cannot escape the attention of the student. Rarely, 
except in elementary works of the English Language, is the 
syllable of any given word which requires an emphasis, 
marked. 

18. But it is not so in the French Language; here, 
accents of various kinds are constantly meeting the eye on 
every page. One thing, however, must be observed, viz. : — 
the position of the Accent does not always and infallibly 
mark the syllable of a word, which must receive the stress 
of voice in common pronunciation. 

19. Modern Grammarians have established the following 
rule, viz. : To place the stress of voice ON THE LAST 
PRONOUNCED SYLLABLE OF EVERY WORD. 

20. A slight inspection only of the following examples 
will illustrate the above remarks. 

The first syllable of this word is marked 
with an accent ; must the stress of voice 
therefore be placed upon the syllable de ? 
No : — if the rule be applied to this word, 
the stress of voice falls on the last syllable, 

RER. 

It will then be asked, What is the use of this accent ? 
I answer, It modifies the sound of the vowel over which it 
is placed. 



De-vo-rer 



FRENCH ACCENTS. 



13 



Again : — the word used now as an ex- 
ample, has the same kind of an accent 
as the word used in the previous exam- 
ple had ; and, also, it is placed over the 
same vowel. But it has another differ- 
ent accent over the first vowel of the 
second syllable ; and, according to the 
rule, the stress of voice is not placed 
either upon the first or second syllable, 
t but upon the last. 



Le-gere-Hient 



Ba-ti-ment • 



This second accent (observe its form and position) only 
serves to modify the sound of the vowel over which it is 
placed. Sometimes, however, an accent is placed over a 
vowel of the syllable, which, according to the rule, receives 
the stress of voice, viz. : 

Ce-le-bri-te. 

Again, in the word used here as an ex- 
ample, a third, and still different accent is 
placed over the vowel A. Its presence 
affects the sound of that vowel only. It has 
nothing whatever to do with the proper accent of that 
word, as the term Accent is understood when applied to 
words in the English language. As a general rule, the 
stress of voice is not so strong in the French as in the 
English language. 

21. Accents, as used in the French language, are cer- 
tain marks differing from each other, and placed over 
certain vowels only, for specific purposes. 



14 LESSON II. 



22. There are three Accents, viz. : — 

called the Acute Accent. 
Grave 
" Circumflex " 

23. ' The Acute accent is used only over the vowel E, 
and serves two purposes : 

First, — to modify its sound. 

Secondly, — to mark the existence of a distinct and final 
syllable, viz. : — 

De, Trom-pe, 

Re-tar-de, Cer-e-mo-nie. 

24. * The Grave accent is used only over the vowels 
A, E and XT, viz. : — 

a, Pere, and Ou, 

and serves two purposes : 

First, — to modify the sound of the vowel E. 

Secondly, — to distinguish one part of speech from an- 
other, viz. : — 

a is a Preposition, a is a Verb, la is an Adverb, la is an Article, 
OU is an Adverb, OU is a Conjunction. 

25. A This character, which represents the Circumflex 
accent, is the union of the Acute and Grave accents, and 
is placed over each of the vowels except Y. It indicates 
that the letter over which it is placed, has a sowid twice as 
long as it has without it, viz. : — 

Age, Bete, Biiclie, Cote, 



Gite, Me-lee, and Tete. 



FRENCH ACCENTS. 15 



This accent also indicates the suppression of the letter 
S, after the vowel over which is it placed ; thus 

Bete, Fete, and Tete 
were formerly written 

Beste, Feste, and Teste. 

The S was not sounded, but gave to the preceding 
vowel that prolonged sound now represented by the Cir- 
cumflex accent. (Fasquelle's New Method.) 

This accent also serves to distinguish parts of speech 
from each other, viz. : 

Cm is a Participle from the Verb CroItre. 

Oru is a Noun and Adjective. 

JJu. is a Participle from the Verb Devoir. 

JDll is an Article and Noun. 

I\edu a Participle from the Verb Redevoir. 

Sui* is an Adjective. 

Sill* is a Preposition. 

Tu is a Participle from the Verb Taire. 

Tu is a Pronoun. 

26. CEDILLA. 
Besides the three kinds of accents just enumerated, 
certain other marks or signs are used, called 

Cedilla, Dieresis, Hyphen, and Apostrophe. 

c The Cedilla is a peculiar mark, somewhat resembling 
a figure 5 inverted, and placed only under the letter C, 
before the vowels A, O, andTJ, viz. : Q. 



16 LESSON II. 



It indicates that the letter C under which it is placed, 
has the soft sound of the letter S, viz. : 

Qa pronounced as if printed ba. 

Deca " Desa. 

Facade " Fasade. 

Faconner " Fasonner. 

Lecon " Leson. 

Recu " Resu. 

27. DIERE8IS. 

•• The Dieresis consists of two dots, placed over the 
vowels E, I, and TJ. It shows that the vowel over which 
it is placed, is pronounced separately from the preceding 
vowel ; thus indicating, in reality, a distinct syllable, viz. : 

Naivete pronounced as if printed Na-ive-t6. 

Ou'ir u Ou-ir. 

Poete " Po-ete. 

28. HYPHEN 

- The Hyphen is a short horizontal mark, which is 
used to connect words and syllables, viz. : 

A-t-il, Belles-Lettres, Celui-ci, Demi- 
kilometre, Fait-on, Suis-je, and Tres-rarement. 

Its use in connecting syllables is precisely the same as in 
the English language ; that is, when a word is divided, so 
that a part of it is at the extreme right-hand of a page, 
and the rest, at the extreme left. 



FKENCH ACCENTS. 17 



29. APOSTROPHE. 

1 The Apostrophe is like a comma placed at the upper 
end of letters, instead of at the lower end, or the bottom 
on a line with the lower end. 

Its use is, to show the elision or cutting off a vowel 
before words commencing with a vowel or H mute, and is 
much used in the French language, viz. : — 

L' ami instead of Le ami. 
L' eglise " La eglise. 
L' homme " Le homme. 
S'il " Siil. 

30. EUPHONIC T 

This letter is thus called on account of its peculiar posi- 
tion between two parts of speech, viz., the Yerb and 
Pronoun. It does not sound agreeably to the French ear 

to say 

a elle, a il, demande on, &c. 

Therefore, to prevent the hiatus of sound between the 
vowels at the end ofthe first and the beginning of the 
second words in the examples, this Euphonic T is inserted. 
It is used only in asking questions, and then a hyphen 
is placed both before and after it, viz. :— 

a-t-elle ? a-t-il ? ira-t-on ? demande-t-on ? 
parle-t-il ? va-t-on ? prouve-t-il ? 

This letter cannot be translated, because it has no mean- 
ing. It is thus used, merely for the sake of euphony. 



18 QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND LESSON. 



31. PARENTHESIS AND PUNCTUATION. 
In the French language, the 

Parenthesis () Comma , Semicolon ; 

Colon : Period . Mark of Interrogation ? 
Mark of Exclamation ! Dash — and 

Quotation " " 

are the same, and used for the same purposes, as in the 
English language. 

32. ASTERISKS. 

The Asterisks in the French language, are also the 
same, and used for the same purposes, as in the English 
language, viz. : — 

* t % § I 1 



QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND LESSON. 

17. What is the principal subject of this Lesson? 
What does the use of the Accents constitute ? 

18. Are Accents used more frequently in the French, 
than in the English language ? 

What fact must be observed ? 

19. Repeat the Rule which modern Grammarians have 
established. 



QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND LESSON. 19 

20. On which syllable of the French word De-vo-rer, 
must the stress of voice be placed ? 

What is the use of that mark over the vowel E of the 
first syllable of that word ? 

Aside from the spelling of the word Le-gere-ment, 
wherein does it differ externally from the word De-vo-rer ? 

Which syllable receives the stress of voice ? 

Of what use, then, is this second accent ? 

Where may the accent sometimes be placed ? 

In the word Ce-le-bri-te, which syllable receives the 
stress of voice ? 

Why? 

What do you discover about the word Ba-ti-ment, different 
from what pertained to the other two words, De-vo-rer and 
Le-gere-ment ? 

On which syllable of the word Ba-ti-ment, is the stress 
of voice placed ? 

What is the use of this accent ? 

In which language (French or English) is the stress of 
voice the stronger ? 

21. What are Accents in the French language ? 
Where are they placed ? 

22. How many Accents are there in the French language ? 
Repeat their names. 

23. Describe the Acute accent. 
Over what vowel only is it placed ? 

How many purposes does the Acute accent serve ? 
Mention the Jirst. 
Mention the second. 

Write on the black-board, or slate, or piece of paper, 
four French words marked with the Acute accent. 



20 QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND LESSON. 

24. Describe the Grave accent. 
Over what vowels only, is it placed ? 

How many purposes does the Grave accent serve ? 
Mention the first. 
Mention the second. 

Write on the black-board examples of French words 
marked with the Grave accent. 

25. Describe the Circumflex accent. 

Over which letters of the French alphabet is this accent 
used? 

What does it indicate ? 

Write on the black-board examples of French words 
marked with the Circumflex accent. 

What else does this accent indicate ? 

Explain this on the black-board. 

Does this accent also serve to distinguish parts of speech 
from each other ? 

Explain this. 

26 : Describe the Cedilla. 
Where is it placed ? 

With what letter only is the Cedilla used ? 
Before what vowels only is the letter C with the Cedilla 
used ? 

What does it indicate ? 
Explain this on the black-board. 

21. Describe the Dieresis. 

Over what vowels only is the Dieresis used ? 

For what purpose ? 

Explain this on the black-board. 



QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND LESSON. 21 

28. Describe the Hyphen. 
What is its use ? 

Explain this on the black-board. 

29. Describe the Apostrophe. 
Where placed ? 

What is its use ? 

Explain this on the black-board. 

30. Euphonic T. 

Why is this letter thus called ? 

Describe its position. 

When is it used ? 

Give examples of its use on the black-board. 

Why cannot this letter be translated ? 

Eor what purpose is it used ? 

31. Parenthesis and Punctuation. 
Describe the Parenthesis. 
Describe the Comma. 

Describe the Semicolon. 

Describe the Colon. 

Describe the Period. 

Describe the mark of Interrogation. 

Describe the mark of Exclamation. 

Describe the Dash. 

Describe the Quotation marks. 

How are these several marks used ? 

32. Asterisks. 

How are the Asterisks used in the French language ? 



22 LESSON III. 



Lesson III, 

Name and Sound of the Vowels. 
33. A a. 

Name. Sound. 

AH. Like the letter A in the English word MARK. 

Pronounce this English word — Mark, aloud several times, 
with strict reference to the sound of the French letter A, 
until you are sure of haying its correct sound. 

The sound thus obtained, always belongs to the French 
letter A in the alphabet, that is, whenever the French 
alphabet is repeated, always give the first letter the sound 
of A in the English word MARK, that is, AH. 

But the French A does not always and invariably have 
this sound whenever and wherever it is used in a French 
word. 

Its sound depends upon its position in a word, and upon 
the accent under which it is placed, either by itself, as 
constituting a single word, or within a word of one or 
more syllables. 

The letter A has, then, another sound, which we illustrate 
by the sound of the letter A in the English word FAT. 
Pronounce this English word — Fat, aloud several times 
with strict reference to the sound of the French letter A, 
until you are sure of having its correct sound. 

The French letter A has, therefore, two distinct sounds, 
viz. : — Short sound in the English word FAT. 

Long sound in the English word MARK. 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 



23 



In this work, the English letter A will be used to illus- 
trate the short sound of the French vowel A ; and AH 
will be used to illustrate the long sound of the French 
vowel A. 

A, has the short sound represented by A in the English 
word FAT, when it is a word by itself, and generally 
when it begins or ends a French word. There are ex- 
ceptions to this rule ; but they will be readily noticed by 
the pupil in the spelling by means of English letters, 
designed to illustrate the pronunciation of a given French 
word. 

A, has the long sound represented by A in the English 
word MARK, when it is pronounced as the first letter of 
the French alphabet, and also when under the Circumflex 
accent, which will be illustrated hereafter. 

Exercise upon the short sound of the French vowel A, 
in the following examples. Pronounce every French word 
in the following table aloud, and, when possible, always 
study your French lessons aloud. 

French. Pronunciation, English. 

Abaca A-ba-ka Manilla Hemp. 

Alarme A-larni Alarm. 

Bal Bal Ball 

Caresse Ka-ress Endearment 

Dame Da-m Married Woman. 

Lama La-ma Lama. 

Masque Mas-k Mask. 

The above examples are introduced to illustrate the 
short sound of the French vowel A. In the first word, 



24 



LESSON III. 



(Abaca,) be careful not to pronouce it Ay-bay-Jcay ; but 
give each A in each syllable, the sound of A in the English 
word FAT. In the next word, do not say Ay -la firm ; 
remember to give the sound of A in the English word 
EAT. Trill the R in the last syllable of the word A-larm. 
It will be perceived the final E of this word (A-larme) is 
not sounded. 

This vowel is sometimes under a Grave accent ; thus, 
a, la, voila ; but its sound is not materially affected thereby. 
See Section 24, Lesson II. 



34. A a. 

Under the Circumflex accent, this vowel has the long 
sound represented by A in the English word MARK, and 
is named AH. It has, besides, a little more than the sound 
just spoken of, for the sound must be prolonged, and in 
order to do this conveniently, the mouth must be opened a 
little wider than in uttering its short sound, represented by 
A in the English word FAT. 

Be careful, however, not to pronounce A a, like the sound 
of the English word AWE, but give it the sound of AH 
prolonged, in the following examples, viz. : — 



French. 

Age 

Ame 

Baclie 

Bafre 

Bat 

Capre 



Pronunciation. 


English. 


Ah-zh 


Age. 


Ah-m 


SouL 


Bah-sh 


Awning. 


Bah-fr' 


Gormandizing. 


Bah 


Pack-saddle. 


Kah-pr' 


Caper. 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 



25 



Pronunciation. 


English. 


Grah-s 


Favor. 


Mah-1 


Male. 


Mah-s 


Stake, (in betting) 


Pah-1 


Pale. 



French. 

Grace 

Male 

Masse 

Pale 

Rabachage Ba-bah-shazh Repetition. 

35. E e. 

Name. Sound. 

AY. Like the letters AY in the English word DAY. 
Pronounce aloud the word DAY, until you have a dis- 
tinct idea of the single sound of the combination of the 
letters AY ; and then pronounce the word without the D, 

viz. :— 

DAY AY, 

and thus you have the sound of the vowel E, which de- 
serves the most particular attention of the pupil, because of 
its importance in the French language. It is used more than 
any other letter,- viz. : — in five different ways, and hence 
it has five different names, viz. : — 
E Silent, E Mute or Unaccented, E Acute, E Grave, 
and £ Circumflex. 

36. E e Silent. 

When final, and unaccented in words of more than one 
syllable, E is silent, viz. : — 



English. 



Abaqu^ 
Abatag^ 



Pronunciation. 

A-bak. 
A-ba-tazli. 



French. 



Abacus. 
Killing. 



26 


LESSON III. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


AlgaracU 


Al-ga-rad 


Insult. 


Approclitf 


A-prosli 


Approach. 


Article 


Ar-teekl' 


Thing. 


Ballotte 


Ba-lot 


Ballot. 


Domestiqu^ 


Domes-teek 


Domestic. 


Passage 


Pah-sazh 


Passage. 


Possible 


Po-see-bl' 


Possible. 


Spectacle 


Spek-ta-kT 


Sight. 


Terrible 


Ter-reebl' 


Awful. 


Veritable 


Vay-ri-tabP 


Genuine. 


In the following words, the E is silent, viz. : — 


Gdni 


pronounced S lwee. 




Gelsi 


81a or f 


3'laii. 


Pri^rai 


u Pre-ray. 




Again, in the following words, the middle E 


is silent, viz. : — 


Autrement, 


Entiwoir, and Payment, &c. 


In the word Cont< 


mance both E's are silent ; ordinarily, 


the E before A and 0, is silent, viz. : — 




Jesm and Georges. 





37. E e Mute or Unaccented. 

Before proceeding to the illustration of the sound and 
use of E mute or unaccented, let me commend the follow- 
ing extract from the Preface of Bolmar's " Collection of 
Colloquial Phrases," edition of 1852, to the careful perusal 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 27 

of the pupil. Speaking of the unaccented E, he says, — 
" Several of our best orthoepists express themselves thus 
on that subject : — ' The proper utterance of the unaccented 
E characterises, in part, the pronunciation of the gentle- 
man, as a vicious one marks the low-bred and ignorant. 
The unaccented E is sometimes pronounced and sometimes 
not ; and in that consists a great difficulty for foreigners, 
who, always pronouncing it full; are long before they are 
able to follow a French conversation, and thence are in- 
clined to believe that the French speak much faster than 
any other people. The truth is, that the French, taking 
them in general, do not speak faster than other people ; but, 
in conversation and in familiar reading, they drop the unac- 
cented E as often as they can do it, and thus go quicker 
through a sentence than does a foreigner, who gives the 
full sound of U in TUB to every unaccented E he meets 
with. Thus the word Contenance, and the phrase je n'ai 
pas recu tout le vetement, will be pronounced by a foreigner 
and a Frenchman native of Grascony, — Con-te-nan-ce — -je ne 
pa re-cu tou le ve-te-men ; whereas, a well-bred Frenchman will 
pronounce' — cont-nans, — jne pa rsu tout vet-men, sounding in 
the first word two syllables only, where the others would 
sound four ; and in the sentence, sounding six syllables, 
where the others would sound ten.' " 

The French custom of clipping or shortening words as 
much as possible, in ordinary reading and common conver- 
sation, is well illustrated in the following sentence, viz. : — 
" Q-nand vous serez le meme, vous me trouverez le meme." 

This sentence contains thirteen syllables in prose, viz. : — 
Quand-vous-se-rez-le-meme-vous-me-trou-ve-7'ez-le-meme. In 
poetry, m'bne would have two syllables. However, in 



28 LESSON III. 



familiar reading and conversation, it is pronounced in eight 
syllables only, viz. : — Quand-vou-srel-meme-voum-trouv-rel- 
meme. The suppression of this E is precisely the reason 
why foreigners imagine that the French speak so very 
quickly. 

E e Mute or Unaccented. 

Name. Sound. 

UH ! Like the sound of the letter U in the English 
word NUT ; or, like the sound of the last syllable ER 
in the words OYER and WATER, when spoken quickly. 

The E mute or unaccented, " is a mere emission of the 
voice without any distinct sound It either succeeds a 
consonant, by the articulation of which it becomes sensible, 
or comes after a vowel, of which it may be considered the 
prolongation." (Bceuf's New and Complete Grammar.) 

It is confessedly difficult to illustrate the sound of this 
vowel, by the aid of English letters : yet it is worthy an 
honest attempt. True, it may be acquired from a teacher, 
by sheer imitation; but alas, all learners are not good 
imitators ! If it can be illustrated by analogous English 
sounds, it seems quite reasonable to suppose that through 
this process, many more students would understand and 
acquire it, than if they were left merely to the doubtful 
policy of imitation. Let us try. 

Before the pupil attempts to pronounce the French words 
used for examples, let him observe most carefully the sound 
of the last syllable of the following words, when uttered as 
they usually are, in common conversation, viz. : — 

Moth-er ! Broth-er ! Nev-er ! 
Sis-ter ! Wa-ter ! 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 



29 



Take any one of the above English words, viz. : — the 
first — Moth-er ! Pronounce it naturally and aloud with 
a full voice several times, until the common sound of the 
last syllable in particular, is familiar to the ear. Take 
each of those words and thus practice, by pronouncing 
aloud carefully, but naturally ; observing at the same time 
THE SOUND OF THE LAST SYLLABLE. 

Now, by what combination of letters would you represent 
that sound? By XJR, as in the first syllable of the English 
word Mur-mur ? Or, by UH I ? Manifestly the latter. 
Below are a few French words, which you will now pro- 
ceed to pronounce aloud, giving to the vowel E in each 
example, the sound represented by the letters ER in the 
last syllable of the word Nev-er I Pronounce each of the 
following French words quickly and abruptly, as if an 
exclamation mark were placed after each one of them, viz. : — 
That is, a combination of the 
letter S, with the usual sound of 
the last syllable of the English 
word, Moth-er ! 



Ce like suh ! 



De like duh! 



Je like zhuh ! 



That is, a combination of the let- 
ter D, with the usual sound of the 
last syllable of the same word, 
Moth-er ! 

That is, a combination of the 
letters ZH, with the same sound 
mentioned in the first example ; or, 
like the sound of the last syllable 
of the word Pleas-ure ! as usual- 
ly pronounced, but without the 



30 



LESSON" III. 



sound of the Y, which is sometimes heard ; i.e., pleas-ure ! 
and not pleas-yure ! 



Le like luh! 



Me like muli ! - 



Ne like null ! - 



Se like suh ! 



Te like tuh ! 



Que like kuh 



That is, a combination of the letter 
L, with the same sound mentioned in 
the first example. 

That is, a combination of the letter 
M, with the same sound mentioned in 
the first example ; or, like the sound of 
MU in the first syllable of the English 
word Mutter. 

That is, a combination of the letter 
N, with the sound mentioned in the 
first example ; or, like the sound of 
NU in the English word Nut. Pro- 
nounce NU in the word NUT, and you 
have the correct pronunciation of the 
French word NE. 

That is, exactly like the pronuncia- 
tion of CE as given in the first example. 

That is, exactly like the sound of the 
last syllable of the English word Wa- 
ter ! 

That is, like the sound of the last 
syllable of the English word Baker, 
pronounced rather carelessly. 



Take, if you please, another illustration, viz. : — the sound 
of TJ in the English word NUT, as explained above, in 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 31 

illustrating the sound of the French word NE. This will 
give the correct sound of E mute or unaccented. 

The sound of E mute or unaccented, resembles the sound 
of the letter E of the word THE, which is heard in pro- 
nouncing quickly these two words, viz. : — The Man. 
Apply the sound of this E thus pronounced, to the E in the 
following words, viz : — Ce, De, Je, Me, Ne, Se, Te, Que, 
&c. 

Or, lastly, — the' sound of E mute or unaccented, is based 
upon the sound of English A pronounced naturally. Let 
the organs within the mouth maintain as nearly as possible 
the same position, whilst the lips are protruded as if to 
pout or whistle. Then, whilst the mouth is in this position, 
endeavor to pronounce English A again ; this, in a majority 
of cases, will give the correct sound of E mute or unac- 
cented. Practise frequently on this last-mentioned plan 
aloud, and the ear will soon detect the viciousness or cor- 
rectness of the sound. Most pupils who are not good 
imitators of sound, find more or less difficulty in acquiring 
this sound ; but patient perseverance will, in due time, over- 
come every obstacle. Further illustrations on the use of 
E mute or unaccented, will be given in the Reading Les- 
sons in the latter part of this book. 

In illustrating the sound of E mute or unaccented, the 
following signs will be used, sometimes one, again the other, 
viz., TJH !, and the Apostrophe, thus : — 

Je by Zhuh! or by J' 
Se " Sun! " S' 



32 


LESSON III. 






38. E e Acute. 




Name. 


Sound. 




AY Like the letters AY in the English word PRAY. 




EXAMPLES. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Arrive 


A-re-vay 


Arrived. 


Eleve 


Ayl-vay 


liaised. 


Ete 


Ay-tay 


Summer. 


Flagorne 


Fla-gor-nay 


Wheedled. 


Forge 


For-zhay 


Forged. 


Joue 


Zhoo-ay 


Sported. 


Merits 


May-reet 


Worth. 


Oblige 


O-ble-zliay 


Obliged. 


Preceder 


Pray-say-day 


To Precede. 


Premedite 


Yrsty-m&Y'&ee^SLjJPremeditated. 


Trouve 


Troo-vay 


Found. 


Yerite 


Yay-ree-tay 

39. & e Grave. 


Truth. 


Name. 


Sound. 




AI Like the letters AI in the English word STAIE. 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 



33 



French. 

Chere 

Colere 

Eleve 

Fievre 

Jardiniere 

Maniere 

Madere 

Mere 

Modele 

Pere 

Katiere 



EXAMPLES. 

Pronunciation. 

Shair 

Ko-lair 

Ay-laiv 

Feai-vr' 

Zhar-de-neair 

Ma-neair 

Ma-dair 

Mair 

Mo-dail 

Pair 

Ra-teair 



English. 

CTieer. 

Passionate, 

Pupil. 

Fever. 

Gardener. 

Manner. 

Madeira. 

Mother. 

Pattern. 

Father. 

Pat-trap. 



40. E e Circumflex. 

Name. Sound. 

AL Like the letters AI in the English word STAIR. 

E has a longer and broader sound than £. The mouth 
must be opened wider in pronouncing the former than 
the latter. In ordinary reading and common conversation, 
the difference between E and fi is hardly perceptible. 
Still there is a difference ; just the difference between 
pronouncing E like the letters AI in the English word 
STAIR with the mouth half opened, and pronouncing the 
same letters in the same word with the mouth well opened, 
and also prolonging the. sound. Practice will demonstrate 
this, viz. : — 



34 


LESSON III. 






EXAMPLES. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Bete 


f Bait 


^4 Beast 


Creroe 


|j Kraim 


Cream, 


Crepe 


| Kraip 


Crape. 


Depeche 


§ Day-paish 


Dispatch. 


Etre 


I Aitr' 


To be. 


Extreme 


^ Eks-traim 


Extreme. 


Foret 


| Fo-rai 


Forest. 


Meme 


*§ Maim 


The same. 


Precher 


1* Prai-slia 


To preach. 


Pret 


£ Prai 


Heady. 


Keve 


g Baiv 


Dream. 


Tete 


iTait 

a. 


Head. 



QUESTION'S ON" THE THIRD LESSON. 
What is the subject of this Lesson ? 

33. What is the name of the first French vowel ? 

Illustrate its sound. 

Does this vowel always have the sound just illustrated ? 

Upon what, does its sound depend ? 

Illustrate the other sound of this vowel. 

How many sounds, then, has this vowel ? 

Short sound in what English word ? 

Long sound in what English word ? 

How is the sound of short A represented in this book ? 

How is its long sound represented ? 

When has A, the short sound ? - 

When has A, the long sound ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE THIED LESSON. 35 

Note to the Teacher. — The Author would respectfully recommend 
the following method of recitation upon the Examples of the sound of 
this voweL viz. : — Let the teacher write these words singly, or other- 
wise, on the black-board, as he may think best ; and then call upon the 
pupils by turns, in the first place, to take the chalk and mark off the 
syllable or syllables of each word with short lines, thus — A|ba|ca| ; and 
secondly, pronounce them carefully and distinctly as given in the second 
column, thus ; A-ba-ka. Thirdly, let the pupil give the English of each 
word, thus; — Manilla Hemp. 1. Mark off the syllables; 2. Care- 
ful and distinct pronunciation; 3. The meaning in English. Do not 
allow the pupils to pass from one series of examples to another, till you 
are satisfied the correct pronunciation is thoroughly obtained. 

Under what accent, is this vowel sometimes found ? 
Is its sound materially affected thereby ? 
Go to the black-board, and write a French word, in which 
A receives the Grave accent. 

34. Under what other accent, is A found ? 

What is the difference between the sound of A unaccented, 
and A ? 

What is the position of the mouth, when pronouncing A ? 
What is the name of A ? 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise upon these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

35. What is the name of the second vowel ? 
Illustrate its sound. 

Why does any particular importance attach to the sound 
of this vowel ? 

In how many different ways, is this vowel used ? 
How many different names has it ? 
Recite these names in their order. 



36 QUESTIONS ON THE THIRD LESSON. 

36. When is E silent ? 

Exercise upon these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

Go to the black-board, and write those three French 
words, in which the E is also silent. 

"Write also the other three French words, in which the 
middle E is silent. 

Write a word in which both E's are silent. 

Before what other vowels is the E ordinarily silent ? 

Write on the black-board the two examples given. 

3*1. What does the proper utterance of the unaccented 
E characterise ? 

Do French people actually speak faster than other 
people ? 

Why does it appear to us as if they did ? 

Pronounce the name of E mute or unaccented. 

Illustrate its sound. 

What is the E mute or unaccented ? 

Is it an easy or difficult matter to illustrate the sound of 
E mute or unaccented by the aid of English letters ? 

How may it be acquired ? 

Let the Teacher go to the black-board, and write under each other 
the words CE, DE, JE, LE, ME, NE, SE, TE and QUE ; then ask each 
pupil to pronounce each word according to the directions, explaining the 
sound at the same time. Practice them patiently and thoroughly, unti 
convinced the correct sound is acquired. 

Pronounce the English word THE, in such a manner as 
to convey the correct sound of E mute or unaccented. 

Looking to the last illustration of the correct pronun- 
ciation of this vowel, on what, is it based ? 

Repeat the remaining directions of this last Rule. 



QUESTIONS ON THE THIED LESSON. 37 

What advice is there given for practising upon this rule ? 

38. Give the name of E, under an Acute accent. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise upon these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

39. Give the name of E, under a Grave accent. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise upon these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

40. Give the name of E, under a Circumflex accent. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise upon these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 



38 LESSON IV. 



Lesson IV. 

Name and Sound of the Vowels. (Continued.) 
41. I i. 

Name. Sound. 

EE ee. Like the letters EE, in the English word SEE. 

This vowel receives but one kind of accent, and that is, 
the Circumflex, viz. : — 1 i ; though comparatively, it is 
seldom found thus accented. This vowel has two sounds, 
viz., — long and short : — long, as EE, in the English word 
SEE ; and short, like I in the English word PIN, or nearly 
like it. It becomes nasal, in combination with the letters M 
and N; in which case, the character of its own sound is 
completely changed, which is indeed true of all the vowels. 

In this book, the vowel I i, will be represented by the 
two letters EE, when long and under the Circumflex ac- 
cent, and by E, when it has the short sound. 



French. 

Cire 

Dire 

Dit 

II 

Iris 

Lime 



EXAMPLES. 




Pronunciation. 


English. 


Seer 


Wax. 


Deer 


To say. 


Pee 


Said. 


Eel 


He. 


Ee-ris 


Iris. 


Leem 


File. 



NAME 


AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 39 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Liquide 


Lee-kid 


Liquid. 


Lire 


Leer 


To read. 


Lit 


Lee 


Bed. 


Mille 


Meel 


Thousand. 


Qui 


Kee 


WJw. 


Kite 


Reet (trill the r.) 


Rite. 




42. I i Circumflex. 


Name. 


Sound. 




EE ee. Like the letters EE, in the English word SEE ; 


sound prolonged. 


EXAMPLES. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Abime 


A-beeni 


Abyss. 


Assit 


A-see 


Might assist 


Battit 


Ba-tee 


Might beat. 


Dime 


Deem 


Tenth. 


Diner 


Dee-nay 


To dine. 


Epitre 


Ay-peetr' 


Epistle. 


Finit 


Fe-nee 


Might finish. 


Gite 


Zheet 


Lodging-place. 


lie 


Eel 


Island. 


Mit 


Mee 


Might place. 



40 



LESSON IV. 



43. o. 

Name. Sound. 

O o. Like the letter O, in the English word ROB. 

This vowel also receives but one kind of accent, which is 
the Circumflex, viz., 6 6. Without and with this accent, 
this vowel has in reality but one sound, viz., like in the 
word ROB ; though, when it is accented, thus, 6 6, the 
former sound becomes broader and prolonged. When 
final, it usually has the prolonged sound. 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Bloc 


Blok 


Block. 


Bodine 


Bo-deen 


Keel. 


Botte 


Bot 


Boot. 


Corde 


Kord 


Cord. 


Corridor 


Ko-ree-dor 


Gallery. 


Crosse 


Kross 


Crosier. 


Gobelet 


Gob'-lay 


Cup. 


Locale 


Lo-kal 


Local. 


Mode 


Mod 


Fashion. 


Morale 


Mo-ral 


Moral. 


Mot 


Mo (long o) 


Word. 


Repos 


R'-pO Gong o) 


. Best. 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 



41 



44. 6 6. 

Name. Sound. 

O O. Like the letter O, in the English word KOBE. 
EXAMPLES. 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Cote 


Kote 


Hill. 


Depot 


Day-po 


Storehouse. 


Dome 


Dome 


Dome. 


Drole 


Drole (trill the r) 


Rogue, 


Notre 


Notr' 


Ours. 


Pole 


Pole 


Pole. 


Prevot 


Pray-vo 


Provost. 


Kole 


Kole 


Part. 


Koti 


Ko-tee (trill the r) 


Poast-meat. 


Tot 


To 


Soon. 


Trone 


Trone 


Throne. 


Votre 


Votr' 


Yours. 



45. U u. 

The sound of this vowel is peculiar, and very difficult for 
foreigners to obtain. We have no sound in the English 
language, exactly like it. The nearest approach to it, is the 
sound of TJ in the last syllable in the English word Pica- 
tune, when pronounced with the lips drawn forward, as if 
to whistle. 



4* 



42 LESSON IV. 



For instance ; pronounce the word Picayune in the most 
natural manner you can • now pronounce the last syllable 
of this word with the lips drawn forward and nearly 
closed. Do you not perceive a difference in the sound, 
when produced in this latter manner, from that,, produced 
in speaking the last syllable naturally ? The sound pro- 
duced with the lips drawn forward and nearly together, 
embraces the correct sound of the most difficult of all 
sounds — to the American at least — the sound of the French 
U u. Let us now take away from the sound of the syllable 
yune, the sounds of all the letters except that of XJ- u, viz. : 
pronounce first, YUNE, then pronounce XJNE ; and, 
finally, pronounce U with the lips nearly closed and drawn 
forward. This last, is the sound of the vowel we want 
to acquire. 

It must be acknowledged, however, that the English let- 
ter XJ, does not represent the correct sound of the French 
XJ, which is a combination of sounds not recognized in our 
language. Still, we must use it as the representative of 
the sound of the French U, for the want of a better one. 

The author has frequently made use of the following 
rule, with almost uniform success, when understood and 
thoroughly practised by his pupils, viz. : — 

The sound of the French XJ, is based upon that of En- 
glish E. Pronounce the English letter E as naturally as 
possible, observing at the same time, the position of the 
internal organs of the mouth. Now keep these organs in 
the same position as nearly as possible ; protrude the lips 
as if to whistle, drawing them nearly together at the same 
time, and then try to pronounce the English E again, which 
will give you the correct sound of the French XJ. 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE 


VOWELS. 43 


Practise often ALOUD, according to the directions 
of this Rule, and success will crown your efforts. The 
writer has never yet failed to impart the correct sound 
of the French TJ in this manner, when seconded by the 
patient, persevering, and DETERMINED efforts of the 
pupil. 


Name. Sound. 

U u. Like the letter U, in the 

YUNE. 


English word PICA- 




EXAMPLES. 






French. 

But 


Pronunciation. 

Bu 




English. 

Aim. 


Elu 


Ay-lu 




Elect. 


Justice 


Zhus-teess 




Justice. 


Lune 


Lune 




Moon. 


Nature 


Na-ture 




Nature 


Plus 


Flu 




More. 


Tribu 


Tre-bu 




Tribe. 


Tribune 


Tre-bune 




Gallery. 


Une 


Une 




One. 


Unite 
Urne 


U-nee-tay 
Urne 




Unity. 
Urn. 


Vertu 


Ver-tu 




Virtue. 



M 


LESSON" IV. 




46. U u Circumflex. 


Name. 


Sound. 




U u. Like the letter U, in the English word PICA- 


YUNE, — sound prolonged. 






EXAMPLES. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Buche 


Bush 


Log of wood. 


Brulable 


Bru-labr 


That is to be burnt. 


Brulot 


Bru-lo 


Fireship. 


Bruler 


Bru-lay 


To burn. 


Cm 


Km 


Growth. 


m 


Du 


Due. 


Flute 


Flute 


Flute. 


Fiit 


Fu 


A cash 


Mure 


Mure 


Ripe. 


Surete 


Sur-tay 


Safety. 


Sur 


Sure 


Certain. 




41. Y 


% 


Name. 


Sound. 




EE ee. Like the letters EE, in 


the English word BEE. 


This letter is 


also a word; that 


is, it is one of the parts 


of speech in the French language. 


It is usually an Adverb, 


meaning, there. 


It is also used as 


a Noun, and a Pronoun. 


When Y stands alone, and thus becomes a word, its 



NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 45 

pronunciation is invariably like that of the letters EE in 
the English word BEE, viz. : — II y a — pronounced Eel ee 
a: this last A must be sounded like A, in the English word 
FAT. 

Y, is also pronounced like the letters EE in the English 
word BEE, when it BEGINS or ENDS a word ; and, 
also, when it occurs in the body of a word, after a Con- 
sonant, viz. : — 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Dej Da-ee or Da-y Dey. 

Style Steel Style. 

Systeme Seess-taim System. 

Yole Ee-ol or E-ol A yawl. 

Whenever Y is found in the body of a word, between 
two vowels, it has the sound of two French Ps, that is, of 
two double e's, viz. : — 

MO YEN, should be pronounced as if printed thus, viz. : 
Moiien ; divided thus, viz. : Moi-i-en, but pro- 
nounced in two syllables, viz. : Moi-ien. 

JOYEUX, should be pronounced as if printed thus, viz. : 
Joiieux ; divided thus, viz. : Joi-i-eux, but 
pronounced in two syllables, viz. : Joi-ieux 

ROYAUME, should be pronounced as if printed thus, viz. : 
Roiiaume ; divided thus, viz. : Roi-i-aume, 
but pronounced in two syllables, viz. : Roi- 

IAUME. 

The pupil need not attempt to pronounce these three 
French words used as examples, because the combination 



46 QUESTIONS ON THE FOURTH LESSON. 

of vowels and other letters occurring in them, have not yet 
been illustrated. 

The teacher will pronounce and explain their sounds. 
The pronunciation of Y with these and other combinations 
of letters will be explained in other lessons. 

In the two following words, the Y, though not placed be- 
tween two vowels, is under the same Rule, viz. : — 

PAYS, meaning — a country, should be pronounced as if 
printed Pahs ; divided thus, viz. : Pai-is, and 
pronounced PA-EE. 
PAYSAG-E, meaning, a landscape, should be pronounced 
as if printed Paiisage ; divided thus, viz. : 
Pai-i-sage, and pronounced PA-EE-ZAZH. 
The teacher can explain these examples more at length, 
though this subject will be referred to again, after the 
sounds of the Compound Yowels, Diphthongs, and Nasals 
have been illustrated. 



QUESTIONS ON THE FOURTH LESSON. 

41. What is the subject of this lesson ? 
What is the name of the third vowel ? 
Illustrate its sound. 
What accent does I receive ? 
How many different sounds does this vowel have ? 
Explain and illustrate its long sound. 
Explain and illustrate its short sound. 
Combination with what letters, totally changes the char- 
acter of its sound ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE FOURTH LESSON. 47 

What exception is here spoken of? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the Dote 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

42. Give the name of 1 Circumflex. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

43. Give the name of the fourth vowel. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Which of the accents does receive ? 
When is final, what sound has it usually ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

44. Give the name of 6 Circumflex. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

45 What is peculiar about the fifth vowel ? 

Have we in the English language any sound of a single 
letter, like the sound of the French U ? 

In the use of what letter, and in what English word, have 
we a very near approach to the correct sound of the French 
U? 

How, pronounced ? 

Repeat the rule last spoken of, for the acquirement of 
the correct sound of the French TJ. 

Give the name of this vowel. 

Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise on these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 



48 QUESTIONS ON THE FOURTH LESSON. 

46. Give the name of U Circumflex. 
Illustrate its sound. 

Exercise on these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

4T. Give the name of Y. 

Illustrate its sound. 

What is it, besides being used as a single letter ? 

As what parts of speech is it used ? 

Whenever Y stands alone, how is it pronounced ? 

Let the Teacher write the sentence used as an Example, and then 
send the Pupil to the black-board to read and pronounce it. 

When Y begins or ends a word, or occurs in the body 
of a word after a Consonant, how is it pronounced ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

How is Y pronounced when found in the body of a 
word ? 

Let the Teacher write these three words used as Examples, on the 
black-board ; then, ask each Pupil to write, after each one the same words, 
substituting the proper letters in place of the Y, and to divide them 
into syllables as shown in the text. 

Is Y ever under the same rule, when not placed between 
two vowels ? 
Give Examples and illustrate on the black-board. 



CONSONANTS. 



49 



Lesson V, 

Consonants. 

As a general rule, none of the Consonants when FINAL, 
have a distinct and independent sound, unless immediately 
followed by a word commencing with a vowel or H mute ; 
in which case, the Consonant is joined with the next follow- 
ing word in pronunciation. 

48. B b. 

In any position within a word, this letter has the sound 
of the English letter B. 

When doubled within a word, only one B is sounded, 
viz. : — 



French. 

Abbesse 


Pronunciation. 

A-bess 


English. 

Abbess. 


Rabbi 


Ra-bee 


Rabbi. 


Sabbat 


Sa-bah 


Sabbath. 



At the end of Proper Names, B is always sounded. 

In these two words, viz. : A-plomb, and plomb, the B 
is silent, and the next two preceding letters in each word, 
viz. : OM, take the Nasal sound of ON 



50 



LESSON V. 



49. c. 

This letter has two entirely distinct sounds, viz. : — hard 
and soft. Before the vowels A, G, U, and (E, and also 
before the Consonants C, L, N" and R, it has the hard 
sound of the letter K, in the English word KILL, viz. : — 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Calamite 


Ka-la-me-tay 


Calamity. 


Comite 


Ko-me-tay 


Committee. 


Cube 


Kube 


Cube. 


Coeur 


Kuhlrr 


Heart. 


Succes 


Suk-sai 


Success. 


Classe 


Klahss 


Class. 


Cnique 


Kneek 


Horse-tliistle. 


Credit 


Kray-de 


Credit. 



But before E, I and Y, and also with a Cedilla before 
A, and N, it has the soft sound of the letter S in the 
English word SEA. viz. : — 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Cedre 


Saidr' 


Cedar. 


Cinq 


Sanhlk 


Five. 


Cycle 


SeekF 


Cycle. 


Facade 


Fa-sad 


Front. 


Facon 


Fa-sonh! 


Fashion. 


Kecu 


K'-su 


Receipt. 



CONSONANTS 51 



When FINAL, and not preceded by the letter N, C is 
generally sounded like the letter K, in the English word 
BOOK, viz. :■— • 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Avec A-vek With, 

Bee Baik Beak. 

Caduc Ka-duke Declining. 

Echec Ay-shek Check. 

In a few words, however, C final is not sounded ; and 
these exceptions are best found out by consulting a French 
Dictionary. In a few words, C has the sound of the letter 
Gr in the English word GO, viz. : — Second : Secondaire : 
Secondairement : Seconde : Secondement : Seconder : 
Secondine. 

In these words, the C which commences the second 
syllable, has the sound of G-, viz. : Second — -as if printed 
Segond : pronounced S'-gonh ! &c. I do not illustrate 
all the sounds of these French words here, because of the 
Nasal sounds contained in them. The Teacher can ex- 
plain it now, if thought best. 

50. D d. 

This letter, generally, has the sound of the letter D in the 
English word DEED. It is usually silent when final, ex- 
cept in Proper Names. 

The principal exception to the above Rule, is when D 
is final just before a Noun which commences with a To we] 
or an H mute. In such a case, the D has the sound of the 
letter T in the English word TOP ; and in pronunciation, 
is joined with the following word, as if it were its first let- 



52 LESSON" V. 



ter, as will be seen in the two examples which follow, 
viz. : — 

UN GRAND ACTEUR, as if printed Un grant acteur. 
UN GRAND HOMME, " Un grant homme. 

In another instance, D has also the sound of T, viz. : 
at the end of the third person singular of the indicative 
mood of Verbs, when followed by the Pronouns IL, 
ELLE or ON. In these cases, the D has the sound of 
the English T, and is joined to the following word in pro- 
nunciation, as if it were that word's first letter, viz. : — 

ENTEND-IL ? as if printed Entent-il ? 

COUD-ELLE BIEN ? " Cout-elle bien ? 

YEND-IL? " Yent-il? 

REPOND-ON AINSI ? " Repont-on ainsi ? 

51. F f. 

In the commencement and body of words, this letter is 
usually pronounced as the letter F in the English word 
FOR. It is sometimes sounded also, in the end of words. 
There are several exceptions however, which are best found 
in the French Dictionary. In the French word Neuf, 
which means Nine, the F is silent when it precedes a word 
commencing with a Consonant, viz. : NEUF LIS — nine 
lilies, is pronounced as if printed — Neu lis. 

But the striking peculiarity of this letter consists in the 
fact, that it receives the sound of the letter Y in the En- 
glish word VOW, before another word commencing with a 
Vowel or H mute ; and is joined with this word in pronun- 
ciation, as if it were its first letter, viz : — 



CONSONANTS. 



53 



French. 



INTeuf animaux 
Neuf enfans 
Neuf hommes 



Pronunciation. 



English. 



INeuv vanimaux Nine animals. 
Neuv venfans Nine children. 
Neuv vommes Nine men. 



52. Gg. 

Before the Towels A, O and IT, and the Consonants D, 
H, L, M and R in the commencement of French words, 
G has the hard sound of the letter G in the English word 
GOT, viz. :— 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Gateau Gah-to A Cake. 

Gosier Go-zeay Tliroat. 

Aigu Ay-gu Acute. 

Magdebourg Mag-d'boor Magdeburg. 

Globe Glob Globe. 

Augment Og-manh!^ Increase. 

Grappe Grap Cluster. 

G, final of the word BOURG, a market-place, takes the 
sound of the English K. This word is pronounced BOORK. 
Names of Towns ending in BOURG, drop the final G — i. e. 
the G is silent, viz. : — 



ATJGSBOURG 
COBOURG 



pronounced 



Ogz-boor. 
Ko-boor, &c, &c. 



In the following French words, the initial G has the 
sound of the letter K in the English word KEEL, viz. : — 



5* 



54 



LESSON V. 



Gangrene 



Gangrener 
Gangrene 
Gangreneu 
Gangreneux 



if printed 
a 



Kangrene. 

Kangrener. 

Kangrene. 

Kangreneu. 

Kangreneux. 

No rule can be given for this peculiarity in pronuncia- 
tion, except the Rule of Custom. It is believed the 
above five words are the only ones in the French language, 
concerning which, this peculiar pronunciation obtains. 

Before the Yowels E, I and W, the letter G has the soft 
sound of the letters ZH, viz. : — 



French. 

Age 


Pronunciation. 

Ah-zhay 


English. 

Aged. 


Conge 


Konhlzhay 


Holiday. 


Gilet 


Zhe-lay 


Waistcoat 


Gigot 


Zhe-go 


Leg of Mutton 


Gymnase 


Zheem-nahz 


Gymnasium. 



G final, before a Yowel or an H mute, takes the sound 
of English K, and is connected with the following word in 
pronunciation, as if it belonged to that word, viz. : — 
HANG HONORABLE as if printed Rank honorable. 
SANG ET EAU " Sank et eau. 

SANG HUMAIN " Sank humain. 

G final, before a word commencing with a Consonant or 
an aspirated H, is, in most French words, silent, viz. : — 
RANG NOBLE is pronounced Ranh! nobl'. 

Double G has the sound of only a single G, except before 
the Vowels E and I ; in which case, the first G is hard like 



CONSONANTS. 55 



G in the English word GO, and the second G has a soft 
sound represented by the two letters ZH, viz. : — 

STTGGERER is pronounced Su-zhay-ray, &c, &c. 

53. H. 

This letter is used in the French language, in two 
ways, usually styled Mute and Aspirate — a definition per- 
fectly intelligible to natives of France, but not equally so 
to others, that is, to foreigners. Let me explain. When 
we say H is Mute, every one knows what is meant. But 
when we say H is Aspirate in the French language, we 
do not mean, that it ever has the same sound as H in the 
English words Have, High, Hold and Hull, that is, a 
forcible breathing, or emission of the voice at the com- 
mencement of a word. There seems to be a misapprehen- 
sion of this matter with many writers [and teachers, not 
natives of France. It is believed that the true theory is 
this, viz., the French never sound the H. It is with them, 
virtually, always mute. But besides being mute, it has a 
particular duty to do — so to speak. But when we say H 
is Aspirate, we only mean, that the Yowel immediately 
following it, partakes so much of the property of a Con- 
sonant, as to prevent elision with the preceding vowel. The 
following examples will illustrate our meaning very clearly, 
viz. : — 

First, of the H Mute. 

HABIT is pronounced A-be. 

HOMME " Om, &c, 

just the same as if printed — Abit and Omme ; in these 
words there is no sound whatever of the H. 



56 LESSON v. 



Secondly, of the H Aspirate. 

HEROS is pronounced Ay-ro ; 

not Hay-ro, as an American would pronounce it, with a 
strong guttural articulation. But to add to the force and 
office of the Aspirate H, in the word HEROS, let the 
Article LE, be placed before it, thus : Le Heros. Now, 
if the H were Mute, these two words would become one 
in pronunciation, viz. : — Leros. The H, not being Mute in 
this word Heros, but Aspirate, what is its office ? It enables 
the following letter E to prevent elision with the E of the 
word preceding it ; and consequently, the two words must 
be pronounced, as if printed Le-e-ros. 

Thus it will be seen, that one particular use of the 
aspirated H, is to prevent elision of the two Vowels be- 
tween which, it may chance to be placed, in being the 
initial of a word. H aspirate, is best determined by con- 
sulting a Erench Dictionary, because no particular and 
definite Rule can be given, for distinguishing it from H 
mute. It must be granted, that this whole matter is now 
considered debatable ground among Orthoepists. One 
side affirms, that the H aspirate, is never sounded, any 
more than H mute is, but only serves the sole pur- 
pose of preventing elision. The other side affirms, that 
the aspiration is very slight, which, in common conver- 
sation, amounts to nothing, but is barely observable only 
in serious reading, and the use of devotional language. 
One thing, however, is quite certain : — that a native 
Frenchman, never aspirates the H of his own language, as 
we do in pronouncing the words Have, High, Hold and 
Hull. 



CONSONANTS. 57 



54. Jj. 
This letter, has the sound of the two English letters ZH. 
In the two English words — glazier and azure — the Z has 
the sound of ZH, viz. : — glazhier and azhure. 



French. 

Jalon 


Pronunciation. 

Zha-lonh! 


English. 

Beacon. 


Jamais 


Zha-may 


Always 


Jet 


Zhay 


Stream. 


Joujou 


Zhoo-zhoo 


A Toy. 



55. K k. 

This letter, has the sound of the English K, in all situa- 
tions. 

56. LI. 

This letter, has the sound of the English L, in nearly all 
situations, except when used with the Towel I, as a Liquid. 
In a few words, L final is silent. The Dictionary will best 
determine which these are. 

57. Mm. 

When initial, the letter M has only the sound of En- 
glish M. It is used in Kasal combinations like the fol- 
lowing, viz. : — 

am in 11m and 

em om ym in old French ; — 

which sounds will be illustrated at the proper place. It is 
also silent, in the body of some words. Refer to the Dic- 
tionary to determine when. 



58 



LESSON V. 



58. N n. 
When initial, the letter N, has only the sound of English 
N. It is used in Nasal combinations mostly, viz : — 

an in un and 

en on yn in old French 

which sounds will be illustrated in the proper place. 

After M and N in the end of words, final consonants are 
usually silent, yiz. : — 

Prends as if printed Pren, and pronounced Pranh! 
Romps " Rom, " Ronh! 

Temps " Tern, " Tanh! 

"When N is final before another word beginning with a 
Yowel or H mute, it requires, besides being pronounced 
with a Nasal sound, that another N should be added in 
pronunciation to the beginning of the next word, viz : — 

ANCIEN AMI as if printed Ancien Nami. 
BON HOMME " Bon Nomme. 

MON AME " Mon Name. 

MON INTIME AMI " Mon-Nin-ti-Ma-mi. 



59. P p. 

When initial, and in the body of words, P is usually 
sounded ; and then, it has the sound of English P. When 
final, it is generally silent. Exceptions will best be found 
out, by consulting a French Dictionary. 

60. Q q. 
Q, is pronounced like English K. 



C0XS0XAXT8. 59 



61. R r. 

The sound of this letter is somewhat peculiar, having a 
rolling or jarring sound, produced by vibrating the tip of 
the tongue against the roof of the mouth, near the upper 
front teeth. It is never sounded in the French words 
MESSIEURS and MONSIEUR, 

Its sound in other respects, is that of English R, It is 
often dropped, or nearly so, in thebody of a word, but espe- 
cially in the last syllable, in common conversation, viz. : — 

X6tre as if printed Kotr'. 

Votre " Y6tr\ 

But in solemn and dignified reading or speaking, it is 
sounded, very distinctly (when at all) with the rolling 
sound. 

62. S s. 

S, has two distinct sounds, which are determined by its 
position, viz : — the sharp hissing sound of S, in the English 
words DISSEVER and KISS ; and the soft sound of S, 
in the English word XOSE, equivalent to the English let- 
ter Z. It has the sharp and hissing sound, whenever it is 
initial. 

It has the soft sound, whenever it occurs between two 
Towels, viz. 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Baptiser Ba-tee-zay To baptize. 

Baser Bah-zay To base (upon). 

Choisir ShVali-zeer To choose. 

Desordre Day-zordr Disorder. 



1 .. . .. . 






60 


LESSON" V. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Desobeir 


Day-zo-bay-eer 


To disobey. 


Maison 


May-zonh! 


A house. 


Saisir 


Say-zeer 


To seize. 


There are, however, a few exceptions to the above Rule. 


S final, before another word commencing with a Vowel or 


H Mute, has the sound of English Z, and is connected 


with the following 


word in pronunciation, as if it were its 


first letter, viz. :— 






APRES AVOIR DINE— as if printed— Apre zavoirdine. 


DIS A MON FRERE DE VENIR— as if printed— Di za 


MON FRERE DE VENIR. 




PAS EXCUSABLE— as if printed- 


—Pa zexcusable. 


VOUS AVEZ— 


is if printed — Vou 5 


5AVEZ. 


VOTJS ETONNES ?— as if printed- 


-VOU ZETONNES ? 


S final, under 
viz. : — 


other circumstances, is usually silent, 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Avis 


A-vee 


Advertisement 


Des 


Dai 


From. 


Divers 


De-vayr 


Various. 


Jacques 


Zhahk 


James. 


Judas 


Zhu-da 


Judas. 


Legs 


Lay 


Legacy. 


Os 


Oh 


Bone. 


Remords 


R'-mor 


Remorse. 


Tamis 


Ta-mee 


A sieve. 


Thomas 


To-mah 


Thomas. 


Vous 


Voo 


You. 



CONSONANTS. 61 



In a few words, S final, is sounded. Refer to the Dic- 
tionary for these. 

63. T t. 

T, when initial, or in the body of a ivord, is usually pro- 
nounced like English T. Sometimes, however, both in the 
body, and in the last syllable of words, it has the sound of 
English S, in the word SEE, viz. : — ■ 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Caution Ko-seonh! Caution. 

Deniocratie Day-rno-kr ay-see Democracy. 

Ineptie E-nayp-see(first syii. short) Folly. 

Inertie E-nayr-see(firstsyii. short) Inactivity. 

Minutie Me-rm-see Trifle. 

Patience Pa-seanh!s Patience. 

Primatie Pre-ma-see Primacy. 

Prophetie Pro-fay-see Prophecy. 

Satiete Sa-seay-tay Satiety. 

In a few other words, the T in the last syllable of tie, 
tie and tier, has the common sound of English T. Refer 
to the French Dictionary for their pronunciation. 

T final, is usually silent, and is seldom carried to the next 
word in pronunciation. 

64. Y v. 

In all situations, V has the sound of English Y. 

65. W w. 
W, is not properly a French letter. It is not found in 
the French Alphabet, though it is sometimes used in foreign 



62 



LESSON V. 



words, names of persons, places and things. When thus 
used, it has the sound of our English Y. The proper name 
NEWTON, however, is printed in French— NEUTON ; 
and, with the exception of the last syllable which has the 
Nasal sound, the pronunciation of the whole word, does not 
differ from its English pronunciation. 



66. X x. 

This letter, has different sounds in the French language, 
just as it has in the English. It has five different sounds, 
viz. : — 

1. Like the English letter K in the following words, viz. : — 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Exces Ek-sai Excess. 

Exception Ek-sep-seonh! Exception. 
Excite Ek-see-tay Excited. 

2. Like the English letters KS, in the following words, 



viz. 



French. 

Axe 

Axiome 

Axiom etre 

Expedier 

Expriiner 

Extase 

Extrait 

Luxe 



Pronunciation. 

Ak-s 

Ak-se-ome 

Ak-see-o-maitr' 

Eks-pay-deay 

Eks-pre-may 

Eks-tahz 

Eks-tray 

Lllks (short u) 



English. 

Axis. 
Axiom. 

Tell-tale (Naval term). 

To dispatch. 
To press out. 
Rapture. 
Extract. 
Irnxury. 



CONSONANTS. 


63 


EX, before a Consonant, have the sound of EKS, as in 


the foregoing examples. 




3. Like the English letters GZ, in 


the following words, 


viz. ; — 

French. Pronunciation. 


English. 


Exacte Eg-zakt 


Correct. 


Exagerer Eg-za-zhay-ray 


To exaggerate. 


Exalter Eg-zal-tay 


To he excited. 


Execrable Eg-zay-krabl' 


Execrable. 


Exode Eg-zod 


Exodus. 


Exorde Eg-zord 


Beginning. 


4. Like English SS in the following 


j words, viz. : — 


French. Pronunciation. 


English. 


Dix Deess 


Ten, 


Six Seess 


Six. 


Soixante SVah!s-sanli!t 


Sixty. 


5. Like English Z, in the following 


words, viz. : — 


French. Pronunciation 


English. 


Deuxieme Dubl-zee-aim 


Second. 


Dix-liuit Dee-zweet 


Eigliteen, 


Dixieme Dee-zee-aim 


Tenth. 


X final, is silent in many words, except Proper Xames. 


X final, when carried to the next word in pronunciation, 


has the sound of English Z, viz. : — 




AUX HOMMES as if printed 


AUZ HOMMES. 


DOUX ET 


DOUZ ET. 


JALOUX ET 


JALOUZ ET. 


YOIX EN 


Yoiz EX. 



64 QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 



6?. Z Z. 

Z, is usually sounded like English Z. 

7i final, before a word commencing with a Consonant is 
silent. 

Z ^/ma/, before a word commencing with a Yowel or H 
mute, is carried to the next word in pronunciation, as if it 
were its first letter, viz. : — 

ESSAYEZ EN as if printed Essaye-zen. 

LAISSEZ IJN " Laisse-zun. 

SONGEZ A " Sonoma, &c. 



QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 

What is the general Rule about the pronunciation of 
final Consonants ? 

48. What is the sound of B ? 

W^hat, if B be doubled ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

How, in the end of Proper Names ? 

Write on the black-board the two French words given, 
in which the B is silent. 

What kind of a sound do the two letters next preceding 
the B in those words, have ? 

What is a Nasal sound ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 66 

49. How many distinct sounds lias the Consonant C ? 
Before what Towels, Diphthong, and Consonants, has C 

a hard sound ? 

Illustrate this sound. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

Before what Towels, and when used with a Cedilla, be- 
fore what other vowels, has a soft sound ? 

Illustrate this sound. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

When has C the sound of K, in the English word 
BOOK? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

Is C final, sometimes not sounded ? 

Write a French word to illustrate this, on the black- 
board. 

What other sound has C sometimes ? 

Write the French words given as examples, with the Gr 
in the proper place. 

50. What is the common sound of D ? 
Illustrate it. 

What is the sound of D final, before a word commencing 
with a Towel or an H mute ? 

Illustrate it. 

Here the Teacher may write the Examples given, on the black-board, 
then request the Pupil to -write after each Example — how it would be 
if printed according to sound — and how pronounced. 

When has D the sound of English T ? 

Illustrate from the examples given, according to the direc- 
tions of the last note to the Teacher. 



6* 



66 QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 

51. What is the usual sound of F ? 

By what Rule are the exceptions in the pronunciation of 
this letter determined ? 

Illustrate the pronunciation of F in the French word 
NEUF, in the example given. 

What, however, is the striking peculiarity in the pronun- 
ciation of this letter F ? 

When does it receive the sound of the English letter 

y? 

Illustrate on the black-board from the examples given. 

52. Before what Yowels and Consonants has G the hard 
sound of Gr in the English word GO ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

What sound has Gr final, in the French word BOTJRG ? 

When is the Gr final, silent ? 

Write on the black-board those five French words in 
which Gr has the sound of English K. 

What Rule can be given for this peculiarity of sound ? 

Before what Yowels, has Gr a soft sound ? 

What English letters represent this soft sound ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

What sound has Gr final, before a vowel or H mute ? 

How connected, then, in pronunciation ? 

Illustrate by the examples given, on the black-board. 

How, when final before a word commencing with a Conso- 
nant or an Aspirated H ? 

Illustrate. 

What can you say of the sound of double G ? 

Illustrate. 



QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 67 

53. What names are given to the French H ? 
What is meant when we say H is mute ? 
What is meant by H aspirate ? 

Write a Trench word with H mute, and illustrate its 
pronunciation ? 

Write another French word containing an H aspirated, 
with an Article before it, and illustrate the pronunciation 
of both. 

What, then, seems to be one distinct office of the H 
aspirate ? 

54. What sound has the letter J ? 
Illustrate from the two English words given. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

55. What sound has the letter K ? 

56. What sound has the letter L ? 

5t. When initial, what sound has the letter M ? 

58. When initial, what sound has the letter N" ? 
What are silent after M and N ? 

Illustrate by the examples given. 
When must another N be added in pronunciation ? 
Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

59. What sound has the letter P ? 

60. What sound has the letter Q ? 

61. What peculiar sound has the letter R ? 
How produced ? 



68 QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 

Write on the black-board those two French words in 
which the It is never sounded. 

When is it dropped, or nearly so ? 

Illustrate on the black-board. 

How, in solemn and dignified reading ? 

62. How many distinct sounds has the letter S ? 
How determined ? 

Describe these two different sounds. 

When has it the sharp and hissing sound ? 

When has it the soft sound ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

What sound has S final before a word commencing with 
a Yowel or H mute ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

How connected ? 

Under other circumstances how disposed of ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

63. What is the usual pronunciation of T ? 

How pronounced when TI occur together in the body 
and last syllable of words ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

What other sound has T in syllables ending with tie, 
tie, and tier ? 

64. Pronunciation of Y ? 

65. Pronunciation of W ? 

Write the English Proper Name— NEWTON— as the 
French do. 






QUESTIONS ON THE FIFTH LESSON. 69 

What sound has the last syllable of this word ? 

66. How many different ways of pronouncing X ? 
"Write a French word in which X has the sound of En- 
glish K, and illustrate its pronunciation. 

Write a French word in which X has the sound of the 
English letters KS, and illustrate its pronunciation. 

What sound, then, have EX, before a Consonant ? 

Write a French word in which X has the sound of the 
English letters GZ, and illustrate its pronunciation. 

What sound, then, have EX before a Yowel ? 

Write a French word in which X has the sound of the 
English letters SS, and illustrate its pronunciation. 

Write a French word in which X has the sound of the 
English letter Z, and illustrate its pronunciation. 

When is X final, silent ? 

What sound has X final, when carried to the next word 
in pronunciation ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

67. Usual pronunciation of Z ? 

Sound of Z final, before a word commencing with a Con- 
sonant ? 

What is done with Z final f before a word commencing 
with a Yowel or H mute ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the uote to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 



70 



LESSON VI. 



Lesson VI. 



Compound Voweli 



68. There are Seven Compound Towels, viz. : — 

AI AU EAU EI EU 01 and OU, whose different 
sounds we now proceed to illustrate. 

AI. 

Name. Sound. 

AY. Like the letters AY, in the English word DAY. 






French. 

Ai 


Pronunciation. 

Ay 


English. 

Have. 


Aimer 
Aurait 


Ay-may 
O-ray 


To love. 
Would have. 


Connais 


Ko-nay 


Knoio. 


Dirai 
Fait 


De-ray 
Fay 


To say. 
Fact. 



When the last letter I of the Compound Yowel AI, is 
under the Circumflex Accent, thus — AI — the character of 
its sound, is not materially changed from that illustrated 
above ; — it is merely prolonged. 






COMPOUND VOWELS. 71 




ATT. 




Name. 


Sound. 




0. Like the letter 0, in the 


English word NO. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Aupres 


O-prai 


Near. 


Aussi 


O-see 


Also. 


Faute 


Fote 


Fault. 


Fraude 


Frode 


Fraud. 


Gauche 


Geshe 


Leftrliand. 


Pauvre 


Povr'(iong 


o) Poor. 


Rauque 


Eoke 


Hoarse. 


Saut 


So 
EAU 


Jump. 


Name. 


Sound. 




0. Like the letter 0, in the 


English word NO. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Bateau 


Ba-to 


Boat. 


Chapeau 


Sha-po 


Hat. 


Beau 


Bo 


Fine. 


Cadeau 


Ka-do 


Gift. 


Eau 





Water. 


Gateau 


Gah-to 


CaTee. 


Nouveau 


Noo-vo 


JVew. 


Organeau 


Or-ga-no 


Iron ring. 


Troupeau 


Troo-po 


Herd. 



72 



LESSON VI. 



EL 

Name. Sound. 

AY. Like the letters AY, in the English word DAY. 

French. Pronunciation. English. 



Cheik 


Shayk 


Sheik. 


Eider 


Ay-dair 


Eider-duck. 


Meistre 


Maystr' 


Mainmast. 


Neige 


Nayzh 


Snow. 


Peine 


Payn 


Pain. 


Heine 


Kayn 


Queen. 


Seine 


Sayn 


Dragnet. 


Sereine 


S'rayn 


Placid. 


Treize 


Trayz 


Thirteen. 


Veine 


Vayn 


Vein of marble. 


When E and I stand together 


, and the E is accented 


thus — EI — they are no longer a 


Compound Yowel ; — but 


each letter has its 


own distinct Yowel sound. 



EU. 

Name. Sound. 

UH ! Like the E Mute or unaccented, which has 
been already explained, except when it is a Yerb, or com- 
mences a verb ; in which latter case, it has the sound of 
French TJ, which also has been explained. 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Demeure D'muhJr Residence. 

Eux Uh! Them. 

Fleur Fluhlr Blossom. 



COMPOUND VOWELS. 



73 



French. 

Heureux 

Heure 

Jeime 

Leur 

Milieu 

Peuple 

Pleuvait 

Plusieurs 

Veuve 



Pronunciation. 

Uh!-ruh! 

Uh!r 

Zhuhhi 

Luh!r 

Me-le-uh! 

Puhlpl' 

Pluh!-vay 

Plu-ze-un!r 

Vuhv! 



English. 

Happy, 

Hour. 

Young. 

Their. 

Middle. 

People, 

To rain. 

Many. 

Widow. 



Sometimes the U of this combination, is under a Cir- 
cumflex Accent, thus — EU — in which case the sound of 
the Compound Towel is prolonged. 

The correct sound of this Compound Yowel is no more 
difficult to be acquired, than is the correct sound of E 
Mute or unaccented. But it often happens that the letter 
or combination of letters which immediately follows it, adds 
vastly to the difficulty of pronouncing it. Bring the lips 
nearly together ovally, in speaking this Compound Yowel. 
Practice patiently and thoroughly upon the above and 
other Examples, until you are satisfied you have mastered 
the difficulty. 

01. 

Name. Sound. 

OAH or WAH. Like the letters QAH, c 
Proper Name NOAH Do not give this Compound Yowel 
the sound of WOR. or 00- AWE, as Is too commonly done. 



74 


LESSON VI. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Ardoise 


Ar-doahz 


Slate. 


Auditoire 


O-di-toahr 


Assembly. 


Avoir 


A-vVahr 


To have. 


Bois 


BVah 


Wood. 


Desespoir 


Day-zes-pVahr 


Desperation. 


Histoire 


Is-t'wahr (trill the 


r) History. 


Manoir 


Ma-nVahr 


Manor. 


Noir 


NVahr 


Black. 


Pouvoir 


Poo-vVahr 


To be able. 


Eoi 


RVall (trill the r) 

OU. 


King. 


Name. 


Sound. 




00. Like the letters 00, in the English word MOON. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Boule verse 


Bool-ver-say 


Distracted. 


Coup 


Koo 


A blow. 


Douche 


Doosh 


Douche or Bath. 


Fouet 


Foo-ay 


A ivhip. 


Ou 


Oo 


Where. 


Oublit 


Oo-blee 


Forgetfulness. 


Pour 


Poor (trill the r) 


For. 


Pourri 


Poo-ree 


Rottenness. 


Route 


Roote (trill the r) 


A route. 


Tout and Toute Toote 


All. 



COMPOUND VOWELS. 



75 



French. 

Toucher 
Tour. 



Pronunciation. 

Too-shay. 
Toore 



69. Diphthongs. 



English. 



To touch. 
Journey. 



There are Six Diphthongs, viz. : — 

I A IE 10 IT A UE and UI : — whose sounds we now 
proceed to illustrate. 

But do not suppose that these combinations of Towels 
are always Diphthongs in whatever place they are situated. 
If followed by two Consonants, the first of which is M or 
jN", the last Yowel forms with the M or N, a Nasal, unless 
the M or N be doubled. 

Sometimes again, these Towels which now appear as 
Diphthongs, are but parts of syllables of a word, and must 
be pronounced only as distinct Towels 

IA. 

Name. Sound. 

IA. Like the sounds of the letters I in the English 
word FIG-, and A in the word FAT, pronounced as one 
syllable. The sounds of both, however, must be distinctly 
heard without any hiatus between them. 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Diable 


Diabl' 


Devil. 


Criard 


Kriar 


Clamorous. 


Coriace 


Ko-ria-sav 


Tough. 


Fiacre 


Fiakr' 


Hackney-coach. 



76 


LESSOX 


VI. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Iatrique 


Ia-treek 


latrical. 


Piaffe 


Piaf 


Ostentation. 


Tiare 


Tiar (trill the r) 


Tiara. 


Viande 


Vianhld 

IE. 


Meat. 


Name. 


. Sound. 




EE. Like 1 


,he letters EE, ii 


i the English word BEE. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Academie 


A-ka-day-mee Academy. 


Analogie 


A-na-lo-zh.ee 


Analogy. 


Anomalie 


A-no-ma-lee 


Anomaly. 


Asie 


A-zee 


Asia. 


Bonhommie 


Bo-no-mee 


Good nature. 


Bonneterie 


Bo-nait'-ree 


Hosiery business. 


Come die 


Ko-may-dee 


Comedy. 


Confiserie 


Kon]i!-fiz-ree 


Art of making Confec- 
tionery. 


Democratie 


Day-mo-kra-see Democracy. 


Figuerie 


Feeg'-ree 


A fig-garden . 


Pie 


Pee 


A mag-pie. 


Vie 


Vee 


Life. 


This combination is a very common ending of words in 


the French language. The E, 


however, often bears the 


Acute Accent, 


thus — IE. These Towels also appear very 


often in the body of a word with the E accented. In such 


cases, they do not constitute a 


Diphthong, aud cannot be 



COMPOUND VOWELS. 77 


illustrated by th 


e sound of EE in the English word BEE ; 


but each preserves its own distinct Towel sound 




10. 




Zsame 


Sound. 




EO. Like the letters 10, in the last syllable of the 


English word CUR-CU-LIO. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Appro visionner A-pro-vee-zeo-nay 


To victual. 


Cautionne 


Ko-seo-nay 


A Warrantee. 


Denatioualiser Day-na-seo-na-le-zayTo denationalize. 


Mioche 


Meo-sh (long o) 


A Brat. 


Pioclie 


PeO-sll (long o) 


Pick-axe. 


Yiolon 


Veo-lonli! 


Violin. 


This Diphthon 


g retains the sound fir 


it illustrated, in most 


if not all endings 


; in SIOX and TIOX 
UA. 




This Diphthong has the combined s 


ound of the French 


U, together with that of A in the English word FAT, 


unless the latter 


be under a Circumflex Accent ; in which 


latter case, the A has the sound of A 


in the English word 


MARK. 






French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Ecu age 


Av-kuazli 


Scutage ; in Feudal Laic. 


Enipuanter 


Anh!-puanh!-tay 


To infect. 


Guano 


Gua-no 


Guano. 


Huarcl 


Uar 


Sea-eagle. 


JSTuage 


JSuazli 


Cloud. 


Puant 


Puanh! 


Offensive. 



78 LESSON VI. 



Sometimes this Diphthong has the sound of A in the 
English word FAT, viz. : — 

Aiguacle Ay-gad A ivatering-place. 

To an American at least, the sound, of a "W is naturally 
suggested in the pronunciation of this Diphthong. 

We might illustrate its sound, by the use of a W in the 
above words, viz. : — 

Ecuage Ay-kVazh. 

Empuanter Anh!-pVanh!tay. 

Guano Gwa-no. 

Huard War. 

Nuage NVazli 

Puant PVanh! 

This last illustration, however, is not strictly correct, 
because it does not preserve the distinct sound of the French 
U ; which sound, especially in combination, many French- 
men themselves are not careful to preserve. In common 
conversation, this Diphthong sounds like an English W. 

In French words commencing with QUA, the Diphthong 
UA, has two different sounds. In some, the sound of UA 
would be illustrated by the letters KOUA or K'WA ; — 
but in others, by KA, viz. : — 
QUADRANGLE, is pronounced, Kouah-dranh!gl', or 

K'wah-dranh!gl\ 
QUADRATURE, a Geometrical Phrase, is pronounced, 

KoUAH-DRA-TURE Or K'WAH-DRA-TURE. 

But the same word, used as a term 
of horology, is pronounced, Kah-dra- 
ture. 



COMPOUND VOWELS. 



79 



QUAI, a wharf, is pronounced Kay. 

QUAICHE, a Naval term, meaning a Ketch, is pro- 
nounced Kaish. 
Until the Pupil shall become really familiar with the 
French language, the surest way to be correct in the use 
and pronunciation of words commencing with QUA, will 
be, to consult a Dictionary. 

UE. 

This Diphthong occurs most frequently, as the ./ma/let- 
ters of French words after the Consonants G- and Q ; — in 
which cases, both are silent. 

"When final, and before other Consonants, they have the 
usual sound of French U; examples of which will be given 
in the Reading Lessons. 

UI. 

This Diphthong has the combined sound of the French 
U, together with that of French I, which latter is like the 
letters EE, in the English word BEE. 

English. 

Support. 

Tube. 

MgU. 

Him. 

Wight 

Yes. 

Power. 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


Appui 


A-pui or A-puee 


Conduite 


Konh!-dVeet 


Huit 


Ueet or Weet 


Lui 


Luee or LVee 


Nuit 


Nuee or NVee 


Oui 


Ooee or Wee 


Puissance 


PVee-sanh!s 


Ruine 


Rueen or B/ween 



80 LESSON VI. 



The ten Diphthongal Combinations of three successive 
vowels, in the same word, are thus divided to show their 
pronunciation, which will be further illustrated in the 
Reading Lessons, viz. : — 



iai 


l-ai 


ea 


lau 


i-au 


eo 


ieu 


i-eu 


euh!* 


oua 


ou-a 


ooah or wall 


oue 


ou-e 


ooay 


om 


OU-l 


ooe or wee 


uai 


u-ai 


ua or wa 


uei 


u-ei 


ua 


me 


u-ie 


uee or wee 


ueu 


u-eu 


uuh!* 



Diphthongs of four successive vowels in the same word, 
are thus divided for pronunciation, which latter — the pro- 
nunciation — will be amply illustrated in the Reading Les- 
sons, viz. : — 

ouai ou-ai oo-a 
oueu ou-eu oouh!* 
ouee ou-e ooay. 

TO. Nasal Yowel Sounds. 
( AM and AN \ 
The sound of -< EM " EN >- is represented by the letters 
(IM " IN ) 
ANH 1 and is like the sound of the letters AN, in the English 

* Like the sound of E Mute, on page 28. 



NASAL TOWEL SOUNDS. 81 

words AN-CHOR and CAN-KER, with an effort to speak 
through the nose, as it is termed. But be particular to 
avoid the sound of English Gr in all the Nasals. 

There is, strictly speaking, a real difference between 
the Nasal sounds of AN, EN and IN ; — but it is so slight, 
and so peculiarly delicate, that scarcely any one not a na- 
tive Frenchman, can detect and describe it intelligibly. In 
common reading and conversation, these Nasals above men- 
tioned, have but one sound, viz. : — that which has been 
assigned them in this work. It is considered correct 
enough for all practical purposes. 

When extraordinary nicety of pronunciation is demanded, 
as is always the case in using the language of prayer, and in 
reading in holy and devotional language, the A of the Nasals 
AM and AN should be pronounced broader than the E or 
L in the Nasals EM, EN, IM and IN. In the former case, 
let the A have the sound of AH ; in the latter, the sound 
of A in the word FAT. 

The sound of j °^ and I is represented by the letters ONH !, 

and is like the sound of the letters ON, in the English word 
CON-QUER, uttered with an effort to speak through the 
nose, as it is termed. 

The sound of -j UN j- is represented by the letters UNH !, 

and is like the sound of the letters UN, in the English 
word UN-CLE, uttered with an effort to speak through 
the nose, as it is termed. • 

Concerning these Nasals, remember these two General 
Rules, viz. : — 



82 


LESSON VI. 




i. 
Single M's and N's followed by Vowels, are not Nasals. 


When the M 


11. 

and N are doubled 


the Nasality is de- 


stroyed. 






Exceptions to this last Rule, will appear in their proper 


places. 






We now proceed to illustrate these Nasal sounds. 




AM. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Ambassade 


Anh!-ba-sad 


Embassy 


Ambre 


Anhlbr' 


Amber. 


Ckainbre 


Shanhlbr' 

AN. 


Chamber. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Ancetres 


Anh!-saytr' 


Ancestors. 


C antique 


Kanh!-teek 


Song. 


Sans 


Sanh! 


Without. 


Quand 


Kanli! 


When. 


AIM, AIN and EIN have each the Nasal sound of 


AN, represented by ANII ! The reason will be obvious, 


if we but dissecl 


: these combinations 


which we now pro- 


ceed to do, viz :- 






In the first— 


-AIM, — A I is equivalent only to A in 


sound ; hence, substituting A for AI in the combination 


AIM, we have 


simply AM, whose 


sound has been ex- 


plained. 







NASAL VOWEL SOUNDS. 



83 



In the second — AIN, its sound is represented by AXH!, 
for the same reason. 

In the third — EIX. EI is equivalent only to A in sound ; 
hence, substituting A in the place of EI in the combination 
EIX, we have AN, whose sound is represented by AXH! 

Again — EAX and OAX have each the Xasal sound 
represented by the letters AXH! 

AEX in the Proper Xante CAEX, have also the sound 
of AX, represented by the letters AXH! ; hence, the word 
CAEX is pronounced K AXH ! 



French. 



Erablenie 
Eniploi 
Example 
Membrane 
Temps or Tern: 



EM. 



Pronunciation. 



English. 



Anh I-blaini JBh ? Rem. 

Anhj-ploah or plVah Employment. 
Eg-zanlilpl' Pattern. 

Manh!-bran Membrane. 

Tanh! Time. 



EX. 



French. 



Bien 

Cependant 

En chanter 

Encore 

Moment 

Rendezvous 

Sentiment 

Surprendre 



Pronunciation. 



English. 



Beeanli! (one syiL) Well. 
S'panh!-danh! Mean icli He. 
Anh!-shanh!-tay To cliarm. 



Anh!-kor 

Mo-manh! 

Ranh!-day-voo 

Sanlil-te-manh! 

Sur-pranbldr' 



Again. 
Moment. 
Appo in ted place. 
Sensation. 
To surprise. 



84: 


LESSON VI. 




There are a 


few exceptions to the preceding illustrated 


pronunciation, 


which will be given, viz. : 




ENNUI :— 


according to the Rule II, on a preceding 


page, the first EN of this word would 


not be Nasal, bc- 


cause the N is 


doubled. In this word, 


however, EN is a 


Nasal. 






Ennui 


Anh!-nuee 


Tediousness. 


In the following words, the EN, is a Nasal, viz. :— 


Ennuyant 


Anh!-nuee-eeanh! 


Annoying. 


Ennuyeusement Anh !-nuee-eeuh ! z-manh ! Tediously. 


Ennuyeu 


Anh !-nUee-eeuh ! 


Tedious. 


Ennuyeux 


Anh!-nuee-eeuh! 


IC 


Ennuyeuse 


Anh !-nuee-eeuh !z 


u 


In the word 


ENNUYER, the EN is 


Nasal, — the same 


is true Of all derivatives from that word. 




Ennuyer 


Anhl-nuee-eay 


To annoy. 


There are some exceptions also to 


the pronunciation 


illustrated under the Nasal EM, on a previous page, in the 


following words 


in which the M is doubled 


; but the Nasality 


is not destroyed, 


viz. : — 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Emmagasinage 


Anh !-ma-ga-zee-nazh 


Warehousing. 


Emmagasiner 


Anh !-ma-ga-zee-nay 


To warehouse. 


Emmaigrir 


Anh !-may-greer 


To grow lean. 


Emmaillottement Anh !-mah-eegl-ot-manl 


! Swaddling. 


Emmaillotter 


Anh !-mah-eegl-yo-tay 


To sivaddle. 


Emmanchement 


Anh ! -manh ! sh-manh ! 


Putting on a handle. 


Emmancher 


Anh !-manh !-shay 


To put a handle to. 


Emmancher 


Anh !-manh !-shay (S 1 ) 


To enter a channel. 


Emmancheur 


Anh !-manh !-sheuh !r 


Handle maker. 



NASAL VOWEL SOUNDS 


85 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Emmancliure 


Anh !-manh !-shure 


Arm-hole. 


Eminannequmer 


Anh !-man-kee-nay 


To put into a basket. 


Enimantele 


Anh!-manh!t'-lay 


Hooded. 


Enimarine 


Anh ! -ma-re-nay 


Sea-hardened. 


Emmariner 


Anh !-ma-re-nay 


To man a shi}). 


Emmeler 


Anh!-may-lay ( s \Z s daylu ] 


To entangle. 


Emmenagement 


Anh !-may-nazh-manh ! 


Furnishing a house. 


E mm enagements 


Anh !-may-nazh-manh !s 


SJiip's conveniences. 


Emmenager 


Anh !-may-na-zhay 


To furnish a house. 


Emmenagogue 


Anh !-may-na-gog 


Emmenagogue. 


Emmener 


Anh !-m'nay 


To take away. 



Emmenologie 

Emmenotter 

Emmielle 

Emmieller 

Emmitoufler 

Emmitrer 

Emmortaiser 

Emmotte 

Emmuseler 



•%. •%. 5<< ^c 

To handcuff. 

Sweetened with honey. 
To sweeten with honey. - 

To wrap tip. 

To consecrate a bishop. 

To mortise. 

Banked with earth. 

To muzzle. 



Anh !-may-nol-o-zhee 
Anh !-m'no-tay 
Anh !-mea-lay 
Anhl-mea-lay 
Anh !-mee-too-flay 
Anh !-mee-tray 
Anh !-mor-tay-zay 
Anh!-mo-tay 
AnMmuz'-Iay 

It is believed the above list comprises nearly every word 
in the French language, which departs from the general 
rule of Nasals in EM. 

The following words are exceptions to the first General 
Rule concerning Nasals, on a previous page, viz. : — 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Enivrant Anh!-nee-vranh! Intoxicating. 

Enivrement Anhl-neevr'-manh! Intoxication. 

Enivrer ( a tomft erived > Anh!-nee-vray To intoxicate. 

Enorgueillir " Anh!-or-guaygl-yeer To render proud. 



86 


LESSON VI. 






IM. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Imbecile 


Anh !-bay-sil 


Foolish. 


Impenitence 


Anh !-pay-ne-tanh Is 


Impenitence. 


Imperatoire 


Anh !-pay-ra-toahr or 


t'wahr Master-wort. 


Impossible 


Anh!-po-sibl' 


Impossible. 


Limbe 


Lanhlb 


Limb. 


Limpide 


Lanh!-pid 


Limpid. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Cinq 


Sanhlk 


Five. 


Chemin 


Sh'manh! 


Road. 


Fin 


Fanh! 


Mid. 


Ingratitude Anh!-gra-te-tude Ingratitude. 


Instant 


Anh!-stanh! 


Instant. 


Medecin 


Mayd'-sanh! 


Physician. 


Yin 


Vanh! 

OM. 


Wine. 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Bombance Bonk!-banh!s 


Good living. 


Bombe 


Bonhlb 


Shell. 


Comble 


KonlilbP 


Consummation. 


Lombard 


Lonli!-bar 


Lombard. 


Nombre 


Nonhlbr' 


Number. 


Plomb 


Plonli! 


Lead (a metal). 


Trompett 


e Tronli!-pait 


Trumpet. 



NASAL VOWEL SOUNDS. 



87 



French. 

Bon 

Canton 

Dindon 

Done 

Long-temps 

Maison 

Mon 

Norn 

Kaison 

Repondit 



ON. 

Pronunciation. 

Bonn! 

Kanh!-tonh! 

Danh!-donh! 

Donh! 

Lonh!-tanh! 

May-zonh! 

Monh! 

Nonh! 

Bay-zonh! 

Ray-ponh!-dee 



English. 

Good. 

Canton. 

Turkey-cock. 

Then. 

A great while. 

House. 

Mine. 

Name. 

Reason. 

Replied. 



The French word MONSIEUR is pronounced by 
foreigners all sorts of ways, except the right ivay, in com- 
mon conversation. The author knows of no one French 
word so much in use by those who speak the English lan- 
guage, as this ; and yet pronounced so variously and 
incorrectly. Let us analyze this word, and, if possible, set 
forth its correct sound. 

Remember, then, that the N and R of the word MON. 
SIETJR are always silent ; — the N is silent by the Rule of 
custom, and the R is silent according to the General Rule 
which obtains concerning fin a I Consonants. 

Take out of the word the letters N and R, and we have 
MOSIEU. Divide it now into syllables, and we have 
MO and SIETT. In the first syllable, the O is short like the 
letter in the English word NOT, — therefore the pronun- 
ciation of the first syllable MO, is easily ascertained. But 



88 



LESSOR VI. 



in the second and last syllable SIEU, we have a Diphthong 
of three successive vowels, viz. : IEU divided thus, I-EU, 
but pronounced as one syllable, preserving the sounds of 
both divisions. The sound of I, is short like I in the En- 
glish word FIGr; — and the sound of EXJ is exactly like E 
Mute or unaccented. 

These are the elements of the different sounds in the 
French word MONSIEUR, and are thus pronounced, 
viz. :— MO-SIEU or MO-SIUH! 

Sometimes it is pronounced MOS-SIEU, but incorrectly, 
because the Parisian critic and scholar gives it but one S, 
and that, at the beginning of the second syllable. 

Hence it will be perceived, that it is simply ridiculous to 
pronounce this word Mong-seer or Mon-seeuh. The ON in 
this word is not a Nasal, because the N is silent. The I 
is not long, and cannot be illustrated by EE, but is short, 
as above explained. 

TJM. 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Humblement Unklbl'-niaiik! Humbly. 
Parfum Par-funk! Perfume. 

The following are exceptions to the above illustrated pro- 
nunciation, viz. : — 



French. 

Lumbago 

Enm, Rhum and 
Rumb 

Umble 



Pronunciation. English. 

Lonk!-ba-go Lumbago. 

Ronk! Hhum. 

Onklbl' Umber. 



NASAL DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 



89 



UN. 

French. Pronunciation. English. 

Ancmi O-kunh! Any. 

Chactin Slia-kunli!( fir £ s g L ) Each. 

Commim Ko-munli! Common. 

Un Unli! One. 

The following* are exceptions to the above illustrated 
pronunciation, viz. : — 

ISTuncupatif Isov^lAui-^^-teeiNvncuixitive. 
Nundinal Nonh!-cle-nal Nundinal. 

YM and YN, are now very seldom found in the French 
language ; they are, however, pronounced like IM and IX, 
which have been already illustrated. Other illustrations 
of Xasal Yowel sounds will be given in the Synopsis of 
French Sounds at the end of the book, to which, the 
pupil's attention is 'directed. 

11. Nasal Diphthongal Sounds 
There are Seven Nasal Diphthongal Combinations; 
and they are thus divided and pronounced, viz. : — 

ian divided into i-an and pronounced eanh! 

eanh! 

eonh! 

uanh ! or wanh ! 

uanh ! or wanh ! 

ooanh! or wanh! 

ooanh! or wanh! 

Further illustrations of the pronunciation of these Xasal 
Diphthongal sounds will be given in the Reading Lessons. 



ien 


u 


i-en 


a 


ion 


u 


i-on 


u 


nan 


u 


n-an 


u 


nin 


a 


u-iri 


u 


ouan 


u 


on-an 


u 


ouin 


u 


on-in 


u 



90 LESSON VI. 



72. Liquids. 

L and LL. 

Whenever L and LL are preceded by ai, ei, oui, and 
sometimes by i only, they receive a sound very different from 
that which they have, when initial. In the former case, they 
become a Liquid, and are so called from their peculiar 
sound. Yet it is a sound with which foreigners are well 
acquainted. The only difficulty is, in expressing or illustra- 
ting the sound, by means of English analogous sounds 

It is the same sound which is given to the letters LLI in 
the correct pronunciation of the English words COLLIER, 
BILLIARD, BRILLIANT and WILLIAM. If you 
pronounce any one of these words very carefully, observing 
at the same time the peculiar sound of the letters LLI, 
you will have the correct Liquid sound which is illustrated 
by the peculiar sound of the letters GL, in the English 
word SERAGLIO. 

In French words containing Liquid sounds, observe the 
the following General Rules, viz. : — 

i. 
Pronounce the letter A before IL and ILL, as A in 
the English word AH! 

ii. 

Pronounce the letter E before "IL and ILL, as A in 
the English word DAY, 

In the illustrated pronunciation of the following exam- 
ples of Liquid sounds, the last syllable YE of many of 
them, is scarcely sounded. Let it be, but the mere faint 
echo of the voice. 





LIQUIDS. 


91 j 


Name. 


Sound. 




GL. Like 


the letters GF, in the 


English word 


SERAGLIO. 






French.' 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Accueil 


A-kueegl-ye or k'weegl-3 7 


e Reception. 


Briller 


Breegl-yay 


To brighten. 


Castille 


Kas-tigl-ye 


Contention. 


Fepouille 


Day-pooeegl-ye 


Relics. 


Enorgueillii 


, Anh!-nor-gueegl-yeer, or 
g'weegl-yeer 


To be proud of . 


Famille 


Fa-migl-ye 


Family. 


Feuille 


Fulaligl-ye 


P(tper, or a sJieet 
of paper. 


Fille 


Feegi-ye 


.Daughter. 


Mouiller 


Moo-eegl-yay 


To wet. 


Oreille 


O-raygl-ye 


Ear. 


Faille 


Pah-eegl-ye, or pahgl-ye 


Straw. 


Fouiller 


Poo-eegl-yay 


To abuse. 


Reveil 


Ray-vaygl-ye 


Alarm-clock. 


Sillon 


Sigl-yonli! 


Furrow. 


Soleil 


So-laygl-ye 


Sun. 


Tailleur 


Tahgl-ynhh', or 
Tah-eegl-yuh!r 


Tailor. 


Tourbillon 


Toor-bigl-yonli! 


"Whirlwind. 


Travail 


Tra-valigl-ye, or 
Tra-vah-eegl-ye 


Labor. 


But there is 


another very different and 


common method 


of pronouncing the Liquid sound illustrated 


in the preceding 


examples. Its 


chief merit is, the ease ivith which it may be 


acquired. It cannot be stigmatized, as absolutely vicious, 


though it -be, at least in the opinion of the w 


'iter, INELEGANT. 



92 



LESSOR VI. 



The following examples will be used to illustrate 
kind of pronunciation just spoken of, viz. : — 

French. Pronunciation. English. 



the 



Aiguille 

Bouilli 

Bouteille 

Cuiller 

Fauteuil 

Groseille 

Muraille 



A-guee-y' 

Booee-y' 

Bootay-y' 

Kuee-yeair 

Fo-tuhl-y' 

Gro-zay-y' 

Mu-rali-y' 



Needle. 

Boiled beef. 

Bottle. 

Spoon. 

Arm-chair. 

Currant. 

Wall. 



Speaking of these different methods of pronouncing the 
Liquids, the following opinion is taken from Bolmar's Levi- 
zac's French Grammar, viz. : — 

" This last pronunciation being the easier of the two, 
has been adopted by so many people in Trance, that it is 
no longer considered a fault, except by Grammarians. How- 
ever, I recommend the former, not only on account of its 
correctness, but also on account of its being a sound very 
common to the Spanish, the Italian and Portuguese lan- 
guages; in which languages this sound does not admit of 
any variation. It is represented in the Spanish by //, in the 
Italian by gli, and in the Portuguese by Ih." 

GN. 

This Liquid is used much in the French language. Its 
correct sound is peculiar, delightful, and by no means dif- 
ficult to obtain. It is the sound of the letters GX, in 
the English words BAGNIO, MIGNIONETTE and 
VIGNETTE. It may be represented also by the letters 



LIQUIDS. 



93 



NI in the English words MINION ONION, PINION 
and UNION 

Pronounce the word MIGNIONETTE correctly and 
carefully ; observing at the same time, the peculiar sound 
of the letters GN; pronounce also the word PINION, 
observing the sound of the letters NI. Give to GN in the 
following examples the sound of GN in the word mignio- 
nette, or of NI in the word pinion, which will be the correct 
sound of this Liquid. 



French. 


Pronunciation 


English. 


Baome 


Bam 


Galley. 


Baigne 


Bay-gnay 


Batlied. 


Bionoiiie 


Bee-gno-nee 


Ti "umpet-floiver 




Deegn 


Worthy. 


Dignitaire 


Dee-gnee-tair 


Dignitary. 


Dignite 


Dee-gnee-tay 


Dignity. 


Epargne 


Ay-pargn 


Economy. 


Gagner 


G-a-gnay 


To earn. 


Peigne 


Paygn 


Comb. 


Kegnant 


Bay-gnanli! 


Reigning. 


Siorne 


Seesrn 


Sign. 


Soigner 


SVaH-gnyay 


To attend to. 


Vigneron 


Veegn'-ronli! 


Vine-dresser. 



The exceptions to this method of pronouncing the letters 
GN occur only in those words, in which they belong to 
different syllables; — that is to say, in dividing those words 
into syllables, it would be found that G belonged to one 



94 QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 


syllable, and !N 
viz. : — ■ 


belonged to the next succeeding syllable, 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Igne 


Ig-nay 


Igneous. 


Ignescent 


Ig-nays-sanh! 


u 


Ignicole 


Ig-ne-kol 


Fire icorshi'pper. 


Ignition 


Ig-ne-seonh! 


Ignition. 


Ignivome 


Ig-ne-voni 


Fire vomiting. 


Ignivore 


Ig-ne-vor 


Fire eating. 


Magnificat 


Mag-ni-fe-kat 


Name of a sacred hymn. 


Regnicole 


Raig-ne-kol 


A native. 


Stagnant 


Stag-nanh! 


Stagnant. 


Stagnation 


Stag-nali-seonh! 


Stagnation. 


To the above 


, may be added a few Proper Names. 


QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 




68. Compound Yowels. 


Write the Compound Yowels on 1 


the black-board. 


Pronounce the sound of AI. 




Illustrate it. 






Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 


the Teacher, in Section 33. 




When the I of this Compound "V 


"owel is under the Cir- 


cumflex Accent 


is its sound in any way affected ? 



QUESTIONS OK THE SIXTH LESSON. 95 

Pronounce the sound of AU. 
Illustrate it. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

Pronounce the sound of EAU. 
Illustrate it. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

Pronounce the sound of EI. 
Illustrate it. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

How is this combination, viz. : — EI affected, if E be 
under the Acute Accent ? 

Pronounce the sound of EU. 

Illustrate it. 

What is the sound of EU, when it is a Yerb, or when it 
begins a Yerb ? 

How many sounds then has EU ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note to 
the Teacher, in Section 33. 

What effect is produced upon the U of this combination 
when it is under a Circumflex Accent ? 

What sometimes increases the difficulty of pronouncing 
this Compound Yowel, and the E Mute or unaccented ? 

What position of the lips is here recommended ? 

Pronounce the sound of 01. 

Illustrate it. 

What sound must be avoided ? 



96 QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 




Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in 


the note 


to the Teacher, in Section 33. 




Pronounce the sound of OIL 




Illustrate it. 




Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in 


the note 


to the Teacher, in Section 33. 




69. Diphthongs. 




Write these Diphthongs on the black-board. 




Are these combinations of Towels, always to be con- 


sidered as Diphthongs ? 




Give instances in which they are not Diphthongs 




Pronounce the sound of IA. 




Illustrate it. 




How must the sounds of the "Vowels be heard ? 




Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in 


the note 


to the Teacher, in Section 33. 




Pronounce the sound of IE, 




Illustrate it. 




Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in 


the note 


to the Teacher, in Section 33. 




What is said about this Diphthong ? 




When the E is under an Acute Accent, what is 
it? 

Pronounce the sound of 10. 


said of 




Illustrate it. 




Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in 


the note 


to the Teacher, in Section 33. 




Pronounce the sound of TJA. 




Illustrate it. 




Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in 


the note 


to the Teacher, in Section 33. 





QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 97 

What is naturally suggested in the sound of this Diph- 
thong ? 

Go to the black-board, and write the word NUAGrE, 
and illustrate its sound in both ways. 

Is this last illustration strictly correct ? 

Why not ? 

How many different sounds have French words com- 
mencing with QUA ? 

Illustrate both methods of sound. 

What is the English of the French word QTXAI ? 

Write its pronunciation, on the black-board. 

What are the meaning and pronunciation of QUAICHE ? 

Where does the Diphthong UE occur the most fre- 
quently ? 

When do these letters become silent ? 

Under what circumstances have they the usual sound of 
French U ? 

Pronounce the sound of UI. 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

How many Diphthongal combinations of three successive 
Vowels in the same word, are there ? 

Let each pupil go to the black-board and write, divide and pronounce 
one of these combinations. 

How many Diphthongal combinations of four successive 
Voivels, in the same word, are there ? 

Ler each pupil go to the black-board and write, divide and pronounce 
one of these combinations. 

^0. Nasal Yowel Sounds. 

Write on the black-board all the Nasals, in which M 
appears. 



98 QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 

Write on the black-board, all the Nasals, in which N 
appears. 

Write all the Nasals, whose sound is represented by the 
letters ANH! 

What are those English words which illustrate the 
sound of the Nasals AM, AN, EM, EN, IM and IN ? 

How uttered ? 

What sound must be avoided in each one of the Nasals ? 

Is there, strictly speaking, a difference between the 
Nasal sounds just spoken of ? 

What is the character of that difference ? 

When extraordinary nicety of pronunciation is required, 
what sound has A, in the Nasals AM and AN ? 

What letters represent the sound of the Nasals OM and 
ON? 

Like what letters, in what English word ? 

How uttered ? 

What letters represent the sound of the Nasals UM and 
UN? 

Like what letters, in what English word ? 

How uttered ? 

Repeat the first General Rule. 

Repeat the second General Rule. 

Write on the black-board, the three French words given 
to illustrate the Nasal AM. 

Write after, or under each word, the Pronunciation. 

Write after, or under each word, the Meaning. 

Write on the black-board, the four French words, given 
to illustrate the Nasal AN. 

Write after, or under each word, the Pronunciation. 

Write after, or under each word, the Meaning. 



QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 99 

"What letters represent the sound of AIM, AFX, and 
EEN T ? 

How will yon illustrate this, with AIM ? 

How will you illustrate this, with AIX ? 

How will you illustrate this, with EIX ? j> 

What two other combinations are also illustrated as to 
their pronunciation, by the letters ANH! ? 

"Write on the black-board, the pronunciation of C AEX ? 

Pronounce it. 

Write three French words on the black-board, in which 
the Xasal EM appears. 

Write next, after each word, their Pronunciation. 

Write also, their Meaning. 

Write the first four French words of the examples, in 
which the Nasal EX appears. 

Write next, their Pronunciation. 

Write also, their Meaning. 

In the second example, why is not the first E sounded ? 

In the same word, why is the last letter silent ? 

What letters are silent in each one of the last four ex- 
amples ? 

Rule for this ? 

Write two of the French words on the black-board 
which appear as exceptions to the second General Rule, 
with their Pronunciation and Meaning. 

From the list of exceptions to the pronunciation of the Nasal EM, the 
Teacher will select such words as he pleases, and drill the pupils in wri- 
ting on the black-board their Pronunciation and Meaning. 

Repeat the first General Rule concerning Xasals. 

Write the four French words given as exceptions to that 
Rule, on the black-board. 



100 QUESTIONS ON" THE SIXTH LESSON. 

Write their Pronunciation, on the black-board. 

Write also their Meaning, on the black-board. 

Write on the black-board, any two of the French words 
given, in which the Nasal IM appears. 

Writfe next their Pronunciation, on the black-board. 

Write also their Meaning, on the black-board. 

Pronounce the French words for Jive, and for Physician. 

Pronounce the French words for ingratitude, and for 
wine. 

Write on the black-board, the French word for road. 

What becomes of the E in the French word for road ? 

What becomes of the E in the French word for physi- 
cian ? 

Write on the black-board, the French word iov Jive, 

Write its Pronunciation. 

The Teacher can ask similar questions concerning every word in the 
list. 

Write on the black-board, all the French words given, in 
which the Nasal OM appears. 

Now pronounce the first word. 

Next, write its Pronunciation. 

Next, give its Meaning. 

Ask the same questions as the above four, concerning as many of 
those words as thought proper. 

Write on the black-board, the French word for good. 

Pronounce it. 

What letters are silent in the French word for a great 
tvhile ? 

Why? 

Pronounce that word. 

Why is the C silent in the fourth French word in the list ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 101 

Note. Iu the large Paris edition of Messrs. Fleming and Tibbin's 
French Dictionary, this word is illustrated thus — donk. 

Write the pronunciation of the third French word. 

Write on the black-board that one very common French 
word, whose pronunciation is so difficult. 

The next one in the class, may take a piece of chalk and 
mark the letters of that word which are never sounded. 

The next may give the reasons for this. 

The next, will write the word showing its division into 
syllables, without the letters N and R. 

What is the IEU of the last syllable of this word called ? 

Divide the Diphthong into syllables, showing its ele- 
mentary sounds. 

Now pronounce I. 

Pronouce EU. 

Pronounce the first syllable of the word. 

Pronounce the second syllable of the same word. 

Now pronounce the whole word. 

Write the two French words given, in which UM appears 
as a Nasal, on the black-board. 

Write their Pronunciation. 

Write their Meaning. 

Write on the black-board, two of the exceptions given. 

Write their Pronunciation and Meaning. 

Write on the black-board, the four French words in 
which the Nasal UN appears. 

Write the Pronunciation and Meaning of each word on 
the black-board. 

Write on the black-board, the Pronunciation of the 
two French words given as exceptions to the general pro- 
nunciation of UN. 



9* 



102 QUESTIONS ON THE SIXTH LESSON. 

What is said of YM and YN ? 

11. Nasal Diphthongal Sounds. 
Write on the black-board, these Seven Nasal Diph- 
thongals, and illustrate the Pronunciation of each one. 

12. Liquids. 

When do L and LL become Liquids ? 

Why thus called ? 

What letters in what English words, have this Liquid 
sound ? 

By what two other letters in what English word, is the 
Liquid sound illustrated ? 

Repeat theirs/ General Rule. 

Repeat the second General Rule. 

What is said of the syllable YE, as used in the illustra- 
ted pronunciation of the Liquid sounds ? 

Concerning the French 'words in the extended list designed to illus- 
trate their Liquid sounds, the Teacher "will ask such questions as he 
thinks best, to satisfy himself that the pupil understands the subject 
thoroughly. 

What is said of another method of pronouncing these 
Liquids ? 

Repeat the substance of the quotation from Bolmar's 
Levizac's French Grammar. 

What is the correct sound of the Liquid GN ? 

What letters in what English word, represent that 
sound ? 

Exercise on these Examples according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 

In what kind of words, is GN not a Liquid ? 

Exercise on these Examples, according to the directions in the note 
to the Teacher, in Section 33. 



RULES FOR PRONOUNCING AND READING. 103 



Lesson VII. 

General Rules for Pronouncing and Reading French. 

13. The preceding pages have been devoted exclusively, — 
and it is hoped satisfactorily, — to the illustration of every 
known French sound, whether occurring singly, or the re- 
sult of combinations of Yowels, Consonants, Compound 
"Vowels, Diphthongs, Nasals and Liquids. Analogous 
English sounds, have constituted the agents of the fore- 
going illustrations of French sounds. Generally, this has 
had reference to SEPARATE WORDS, only. But, let 
it be remembered, that to give the correct sound of a 
French word, as it stands alone, is a very different thing, 
from giving that same French word its correct sound, when 
it is used with other words in the formation of a sentence 
in reading, or a phrase in conversation. 

In this respect, the French language is like our own, as 
used in common conversation. The system of WORD- 
CONNECTIONS, in sentences and phrases in both lan- 
guages, is nearly identical. For the purpose of illustration, 
let me begin by giving specimens of word-connections, in 
the English language, viz. : — 

My hat was on the table, — Is pronounced as if printed 
— My hat woz-zon the table. 

I jumped upon the ground, — is pronounced as if printed 
— I jumpt-tup-pon the ground. 



104 LESSON VII. 



Not at all, — is pronounced as if printed — Not-tat-tall. 

I assert a dogma; another denies it, — is pronounced as 
if printed — / assert-ta dogma ; another deniez-zit, &c. 

These, and similar word-connections occur in almost 
every sentence and phrase in the English language, where 
the continuity of sound is not broken by punctuation marks, 
without our being sensible of it. It is unavoidable. We 
are, and have been, so constantly used to it, that we 
notice it only, when attention is called to it. It will be 
observed that the foregoing word-connections in the En- 
glish language occur, when a word ending with a Conso- 
nant is immediately followed by another word, commencing 
with a Yowel. And the same exists, when, in common 
conversation, the word following the one with a final Con- 
sonant, begins with a silent H, viz. : — 

I was out about an hour — is pronounced as if printed — 
I waz-zout-tabout-tan-nour, &c. 

Word-connections in the French language also occur 
under circumstances exactly similar; i. e., when a word 
ending with a Consonant, immediately precedes another 
word commencing with a Yowel or silent H. 

This feature, therefore, of the pronunciation of French, 
both in ordinary reading and common conversation, will 
present no great difficulty to the pupil. The following 
Rules, thoroughly understood and committed to memory, 
will place the pupil beyond doubt and hesitation concerning 
these word-connections, and other matters pertaining to 
the correct and intelligible use of the French language, 
both in Reading and Conversation. 

i. 

Pay no attention whatever to the Apostrophe. 






RULES FOR PRONOUNCING AND READING. 105 
II. 

Pronounce ELLE, like the English L. 

in. 
The final letters ENT of Yerbs with which ILS and 
ELLES do or can agree, are always silent. 

IV. 

In reading poetry, IA, IE, IE, 10, ION, IER, and 

sometimes IEN, are pronounced as two syllables. 

v. 
ES final, are pronounced like the letters AY, in the 
English word DAY, except when S forms the plural of 
words ending in E; in which latter case, ES are not pro- 
nounced. 

VI. 

Pronounce EUX, OE, (EUand, like E mute or unac- 
cented. 

VII. 

Pronounce CH and SCH generally, like the letters SH, 
in the English word FISH, except the letters CH, in the 
word YACHT. 

VIII. 

ST final, in the words CHRIST and ANTICHRIST, 
are always silent. 

IX. 

All final Consonants after R are silent; except in the 
words Mars, and Ours — a bear. 

x. 
In the word MESSIEURS, the final letters RS are 
never pronounced. 



106 LESSON VII. 



XI. 

Whenever a word ending with a Consonant, immediately 
precedes a word beginning with a Yowel or silent H, the 
sound of the final Consonant of the former word is carried 
to the first syllable of the latter, or to the word itself, if 
it be a monosyllable, just as if the latter word commenced 
with that Consonant. This is most particularly the case, 
if the two words are intimately connected in sense. 

The above Rule owes its existence, entirely to Euphony; 
to subserve which, almost everything else is sacrificed in 
the French language. Still, the pupil must not observe it 
too rigidly, except in poetry. Neither in prose or conver- 
sation, does this Rule hold good, in the following cases, 
viz. : — ■ 

1. When a harsh sound would be the consequence. 

2. Whenever any punctuation mark is placed between the 
two words in question. 

XII. 

T, in the words ET — a conjunction meaning and — and 
CENT — meaning a hundred — is never carried to the fol- 
lowing word in pronunciation. 

XIII. 

A, in the word AOUT, is not generally sounded. Some- 
times, however, it is pronounced, but it is considered in- 
correct. This word, AOUT — meaning August (the month) 
is pronounced 00, and not AH-OO. 

XIV. 

In the Compound word EST-IL, and a few others, the 
T is carried to the second syllable in pronunciation. 



KULES FOR PRONOUNCING AND READING. 107 



Whenever a word ending with a silent E is immediately 
preceded by another word beginning with a Yowel or H 
mute, the Consonant preceding the silent E of the first 
word is carried to the next word in pronunciation, viz. : — 

LA FRANCE ENTIERE ; as if printed, 

La Fran-centiere, and pronounced, 

Lah Franh!-sanh!-teair. 

HONNETE HOMME ; as if printed, 

Honne-tomme, and pronounced, 

On-nay-tom. 

XVI. 

With the words AH! EH! OH! OTJEST — one of the 
points of the compass— OUF! OTJI, ONZE, ONZI^ME, 
PHO! UNIEME, YACHT, YATAGAN, YOLE and 
YUCCA, no final Consonant of a preceding word, is con- 
nected in pronunciation. Neither is any elision of the 
Article made before any of these words. 

XVII. 

In the phrase YERS LES TINE HEURE, the S final 
of the second word — LES — is not carried to the following 
word — UNE — in pronunciation. 

XVIII. 

CINQ, is pronounced sank!, whenever it comes before a 
Consonant or an Aspirated H. But before a Yowel or 
H mute, it is pronounced sanhlJe. 

XIX. 

TIE, have the sound of U, when they are not silent after 
G and Q, 



108 



LESSON VII. 



XX. 



DIX, — ten, — before a Consonant, is pronounced DEE ; 
before a Vowel or H mute, DEEZ ; and at the end of a 
a clause, as DEESS. 



XXI. 



SIX, — six, — before a Consonant, is pronounced SEE ; 
before a Vowel or H mute, SEEZ ; and at the end of a 
clause, as SEESS. 



XXII. 



HUIT, — eight, — before a Consonant is pronounced TJEE, 
or nearly WEE ; before a Vowel or H mute, as TJEET, or 
nearly WEET. 



XXIII. 



ER final, is usually pronounced like the letters AY, in 
the English word DAY. The following words, however, 
constitute an exception to the above Rule. In them, ER 
is pronounced like AIR in English. 



Alger 


Her 


Magister 


Amer 


Frater 


Mer 


Belveder 


Gaster 


Niger 


Cancer 


Gessner 


Pater 


Cher 


Hier 


Sadder 


Cuiller 


Hiver 


Stathouder and 


Enfer 


Jupiter 


Ver. 


Fer 


Lucifer 





XXIV. 



Divide each word naturally into syllables, as you would 
in the English language. 



QUESTIONS ON THE SEVENTH LESSON. 109 

Iii the Exercises on Pronunciation and Reading which 
follow, the pupil is directed, in the first place, TO PRO- 
XOUNCE the words in the left-hand column, as the 
Teacher writes them on the black-board ; secondly, TO 
WRITE their illustrated pronunciation as the Teacher 
dictates the French words, and, lastly, to give the English 
of each word. Then the Teacher will pronounce the En- 
glish words, for which, the pupil will pronounce the French, 
&c. These Exercises may be varied according to the 
Teacher's judgment. After these, or similar Exercises 
upon the columns, the pupil will proceed to read the Les- 
son. 

Never pass by a word whose pronunciation is not obvious 
at first sight; and for the solution of all difficulties, refer 
at once to previous Lessons on the elementary sounds. 

After each Reading Lesson, will be given a few short 
sentences which the pupil will pronounce, read and illus- 
trate as best he can, and in such a manner as the Teacher 
may direct. 



QUESTIONS ON THE SEVENTH LESSON. 

What is the subject of this lesson ? 

To what, have the preceding pages of this book been 
devoted ? 

By the use of what, have the French sounds been illus- 
trated ? 

Generally, to what has reference been made ? 

Is the pronunciation of a word considered by itself, the 
same as that which it has, when employed in a sentence ? 

10 



110 QUESTIONS ON THE SEVENTH LESSON. 

What is nearly identical in both the English and French 
? 



Give illustrations of Word-Connections in the English 
language. 

Under what circumstances, do these Word-Connections 
occur in the English language ? 

Under what circumstances, do these Word-Connections 
occur in the French language ? 

What will be gained by thoroughly comprehending and 
committing to memory these General Rules ? 

Repeat the first rule, concerning the Apostrophe. 

Repeat the second rule, with regard to pronouncing 
ELLE. 

What is the third rule, about the final letters ENT of 
Yerbs ? 

What are pronounced as two syllables in reading poetry ? 

What is said in the fifth rule, about ES final ? 

How are EUX, (E and (EU pronounced ? 

Give the name of E mute or unaccented. 

Describe its pronunciation. 

How are CH and SCH pronounced ? 

What is the exception ? 

In what two words are the letters ST final, silent ? 

Go to the black-board, and write the illustrated pronun- 
ciation of those two words. 

What is said in the ninth rule, about all final Consonants 
after R ? 

What is the, exception to this rule ? 

Write two words on the black-board, with their illus- 
trated pronunciation, and meaning in English. 

What letters are silent in the word MESSIEURS ? 



QUESTIONS ON THE SEVENTH LESSON. Ill 

Illustrate its pronunciation. 

Repeat the eleventh rule, about the pronunciation of final 
Consonants before a Yowel or silent H ? 

What calls for this rule ? 

Where only, may it be rigidly observed ? 

Repeat the two exceptions to this rule. 

In what two words, is final T never pronounced ? 

Write these words on the black-board, with their pro- 
nunciation and meaning. 

Pronounce the French word for AUGUST, and explain 
why it is thus pronounced. 

Give the name of that mark over the U of that French 
word, and explain its office. 

In what compound word, is T carried to the final sylla- 
ble in pronunciation ? 

Repeat the fifteenth rule, about silent E, with the 
French examples given, and explain their pronunciation. 

Repeat those French words of the sixteenth rule, with 
which, no final Consonant of any preceding word can be 
connected in pronunciation. 

What else about these words ? 

Repeat that French phrase of the seventeenth rule. 

What about the final S of the second word of that 
phrase ? 

Write this phrase on the black-board, marking the silent 
letters. 

Write the pronunciation of this phrase. 

Is H in the last word aspirated or mute ? 

How is CINQ pronounced before a Consonant ? 

How, before an aspirated H ? 

How, before a Yowel or H mute ? 



112 QUESTIONS ON THE SEVENTH LESSON. 

What sound have UE ? 
When have they that sound ? 
Illustrate the pronunciation of the French TJ. 
How is DIX pronounced before a Consonant ? 
How, before a Yowel or H mute ? 
How, at the end of a sentence ? 
Meaning of the word DIX ? 
How is SIX pronounced before a Consonant f j 
How, before a Yowel or H mute ? 
How, at the end of a clause ? 
Meaning of the word SIX ? 
How is HUIT pronounced before a Consonant ? 
How, before a Yowel or H mute ? 
Repeat the tiventy-third rule, about ER, final. 
Repeat the words given as an exception to that rule. 
How is ER pronounced in those words ? 
Illustrate on the black-board, the pronunciation of the 
first five of those words. 

Illustrate the pronunciation of the next six words. 
Illustrate the pronunciation of the next six words. 
Illustrate the pronunciation of the last six words. 
Repeat the twenty-fourth and last rule. 





APPENDIX 


• 




Lesson I. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


1. La 


Lah 


The. 


2. De 


D' or Duh! 


o/. 


3. Du 


Du 


Some. 


4. Des 


Day 


Some. 


5. Et 


Ay 


And. 


6. Un 


TJnh! 


One (Masculine). 


1. TJne 


TJne 


One (Feminine). 


8. Moi 


M'-wah or Moah 


Me. 


9. Donnez 


Do-nay (short o) 


Give. 


10. Pain 


Panh! 


Bread. 


11. Yin 


YanhJ 


Wine. 


12. Yiande 


Yianhld (short i) 


Meat. 


13. Biere 


Beair 


Beer. 


14. Abricot 


A-bree-ko (ior.gr o) 


Apricot. 


15. Fruit 


Fr'wee or Fr'uee 


Fruit. 


16. Pommes 


Pom 


Apples, 


11. Raisin 


Rai-zanh! 


Grape. 


18. Orange 


O-ranh !zh 


Orange. 


19. Du pain 


Du panh! 




20. De la yiande D'lah vianhld 


21. Des pommes Day pom 




22. Une orange 


Une o-ranh !zh 


23. Donnez moi 


Do-nay m' 


wah 



10* 



114 APPENDIX. 



FOR PRACTICE. 

Mes amis. Eons ouvriers. Mais non, il n'est pas revenu. 

II sera avec nous ce soir. Sois aimable, si lu veux etre aime. 

En ce moment passait. Yive Tarmee ; honneur au travail ; gloire 
aux braves ! La colere nous fait beaucoup plus de mal que les chose s 
qui la font naitre. 



QUESTIONS ON LESSON L 

1. Illustrate the sound of A. 

2. Give the name and sound of this E. 

3. Give the name and sound of this U. 

Repeat the Rule for obtaining this sound, and exemplify it 

4. Give the name and sound of ES, and the Rule concerning these 
letters. 

5. Give the name and sound of ET, and the Rule concerning the T 
of this word. 

6. Give the name and sound of UN, and the name of the English 
■word -which is used to illustrate its sound. 

What is a Nasal ? "What gender is WS ? What does it mean in 
English ? 

7. "Why is not the -word UNE a Nasal ? What gender has it ? 

8. Give the name of 01, and illustrate its sound. 

9. Is ON in this word, a Nasal ? Why not ? Illustrate the sound 
of in this word. 

Illustrate the sound of EZ. Why has it this sound ? 

Is there any silent letter in this word ? Name it Why is it silent ? 

] 0. Explain why the sound of AIN is like that of AN ! 

11. Give the name of IN, and illustrate its sound. 

12. What letter is silent in this word, and why ? 

13. Give the name, and illustrate the sound of E, in this word. 
What does the accent over this E indicate ? W T hat letter is silent t 

14. What letter is silent in this word, and why? 
What sound has C, before certain Towels ? 



APPENDIX. 



115 



Lesson II, 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Je 


Zhuh! or J' 


I. 


Ai 


Ay 


Have. 


J'ai 


Zhay 


I have. 


Tu 


Tu 


Thou. 


As 


A like A in F 


at Hast. 


11 


Eel 


He. 


A 


Ah 


Has. 


Xous 


Noo 


We. 


Avons 


A-Yonh ! 


Have. 


Poire 


Pwahr 


Pear 


Jamb on 


Zhanh!-bonh! 


Ham. 


Mouton 


Moo-tonh ! 


Mutton. 


Cerises 


S'reez 


Cherries. 


Roti 


Ro-tee Gong o) 


Roast-meat. 


Figue 


Feeg 


Fig. 


Fraises 


Fraiz 


Strawberries. 


J'ai vin 


Zhay 


vanh ! 


11 a du pain 


Eel ah du panh ! 


Nous avons 


Noo-za-vonh ! 


Tuas 


Tua 




J'ai de la viande 


Zhay 


d'lahveanhld 


11 a de le Mere 


Eel ah d' lah beair 



No more questions will be given. Those on page 114, are intended 
only as a sample and guide to the Teacher concerning such questions 
as he may think best to ask, on the following Lessons of the Appen- 
dix. 



116 



APPENDIX. 



Lesson III. 



French. 


Pronunciation. English. 


Apportez 


A-por-tay Bring. 


Pate 


Pah-tay Meat-pie, 


Beurre 


Buh !rr Butter. 


Fromage 


Fro-mazh Cheese. 


(Eufs 


Uh! Eggs. 


Lait 


Lay Milk. 


Cafe 


Kah-fay Coffee. 


The 


Tay Tea. 


Creme 


Kraiin Cream. 


Gateau 


Gah-to Cake. 


Salade 


Sa-lad Salad. 


Qu'il ait du pate 


Keel ay du pah-tay 


Nous avons du beurre 


Noo-za-vonh! du buhlrr 


Apportez moi du fromage A-por-tay m'wah du fro-mazh 


J'ai des osufs 


Zhay day-zuh! 


Que j'aie du cafe 


K'zhay du kah-fay 


Que tu aies du the 


K'tu ay du tay 



Que nous eussions de la moutarde K'noo-zus-seonh! d'lah rnoo-tard 
Apportez moi uu gateau A-por-tay m'wah unh! gah-to 

II a du vinaigre et du sucre Eel ah du ve-naygr' ay du sukr' 



FOR PRACTICE. 

Le sol est excellent dans toutes les parties de l'Etat. Banques. 
Je vous assure que c'est vrai. Ne m'oubliez pas. Par terre, par mer. 
L'instructiou perfectionue l'esprit. Je vous l'accorde bien volontiers, 
repondit le fermier. Dans ma maison, il n'est pas de trop petites econo- 





APPENDIX. 


117 


\ 


Lesson IV, 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Un couteau 


Unh! koo-to 


A knife. 


Une fourchette 


Une foor-shayt 


A fork. 


Une cuiller 


Une kVeegl-yair 


A spoon. 


Un verre 


Unh! vair 


A tumbler 


Une serviette 


Une sayr-veayt 


A napkin. 


Une assiette 


Une a-seayt 


A plate. 


Un plat 


Unh! plan 


A dish. 


Un bol 


Unh! bol 


A basin. 


De Tor 


D'lor 


Some gold. 


De V argent 


D 'lar-zhanh! 


Some silver. 


Du fer 


Du fair 


Some iron. 


Apportez moi un couteau A-por-tay m 


Nvah unh! koo-to 


Donnez moi du jamboa Do-nay m'wah du zhanh!-bonh! 


Nous avons de Tor et de l'argent Noo-za-vonh! d' lor ay d' lar-zhanh! 


J'ai du papier et de 1' encre Zhay du pa-peay ay d'lanhlkr' 


Donnez moi un canif 


Do-nay m'wah unh! ka-nif 


Apportez moi un livre 


A-por-tay m 


'wah unh! leevr' 


Tu as du cuivre et de lacier Tu ah du kVeevr'ay d' la-seay 


II a une cuiller et un verre Eel ah une k'weegl-yair ay unh! vair 


J'ai du fer, et un gateau 


Zhay du fair, 


ay unh! gah-to 


Nous avons un couteau 


Noo-za-vonh!-zunh! koo-to. 




FOR PRACTICE. 




Ah ! mon cher cousin 


! Je le vois, tout est 


oublie. Mon frere en 


avait deja touche quelque 


chose par la poste d'hier. Eh ! mon papa, 


c'est qu'il l'aura trompe comme vous. Que dites-vous, Monsieur ? 


Rappelez-vous ceci, mes chers petits lecteurs ; 


votre ami, L'AUTEUR. 


La vegetation speciale a cette region, est tres variee. Le sol et le climat 


sont tres favorables. 







118 



APPENDIX. 



Lesson V. 



French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Yous 


Yoo 


You. 




Ne 


Nuh! or W 


Not. 




Pas 


Pah 


a 




Avez 


A-vay 


Have 




Out 


Onh! 


a 




Avais 


A-vay 


Had and hadst. 


Avait 


A-vay . 




it 


Avions 


A-veonli! 




it 


Eus 


U 




tt 


Eut 


U 




a 


Eumes 


Ume 




it 


Eurent 


Ure 




a 


Aurai 


O-ray 


Shall 


or will ha 


Aura 


O-rah 




u 


Aurons 


O-ronh ! 




a 


Aurez 


O-ray 




a 


Auront 


O-ronh! 




a 



Nous n'avions point des bas 
Vous n'avez pas de chapeau 
Elles n'ont pas des bottes 
Je n'ai point d' habit 
Je n'ai point un lit 
Je n'eus pas de montre 
II n'eut poiut de bourse 
Nous n'eumes poiut du bottes 
Nous n'aurons pas un couteau 
lis n' eurent pas un canif 



Noo na-veonh! p'wanb! day bah 
Voo na-vay pah d' sha-po 
El nonh! pah day bot 
Zh' nay p'wanb! da-be 
Zh' nay p'wanb! unh! lee 
Zh' nu pah d' monh!tr' 
Eel nu p'wanb! d' boorss 
Noo mime p'wanb! du bot 
Noo no-rouh! pah-zunh! koo-to 
Eel nure pah-zunh! ka-nif. 





APPENDIX. 


119 




Lesson VI, 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Cendres 


Sanhldr' 


Ashes. 


Semaine 


S'main 


Week. 


Quinze 


Kanhlz 


Fifteen. 


Demain 


D'inanh! 


To-morrow. 


Noel 


No-ail 


Christmas. 


Jour 


Zhoor 


Day. 


Yendredi 


Vanh!dr'-de 


Friday. 


Ouvert 


Oo-vair 


Open. 


Jeudi 


Zhuh!-de 


Thursday. 


Quelques 


Kelk' 


Few. 


Tremblenient 


Tranhlbl'-manli! 


Earthquake. 


Monument 


Monh !-nu-manh ! 


Monument. 


Engagement 


Anh !-gazh'-manh ! 


Engagement. 


Mercredi des cendres Mairkr'-de day sanhldr' 


Une semaine 


Une s'main 




Quinze jours 


Kanhlz zhoor 




Demain 


D'manh! 




Noel 


No-ail 




Le jour de l'au 


L' zhoor d'lanh! 


Vendredi saint 


Vanh!dr'-de sauh! 


Le musee sera ouvert le quinze L' mu-zay s 1 


rah oo-vair 1' kanhlz 


Mars 


Mahrss 




Notre foire annuelle s'ouvrira Notr' fVahr 


an-nu-el soo-vre-rah 


de jeudi en quinze d'zhuh!-de anh! kanh'.z. 


Nous avons eu quelques jours Noo-za-vonh!-. 


5U kelk zhoor d' va- 


de vacances a 


Paques kanh'.s ah Pahk. 



120 



APPENDIX. 



French. 

J'apercois 

Fran^ais 

Peignent 

L'argent 

Reluisaient • 

Re9us 

Reponse 

Fortifications 

Yoiture 

Cheval 

Maitre 

Traduisez 

Joignissiez 

Dejeuner 

Livres 

Fable 



Lesson VIL 

Pronunciation. 

Zha-payr-s'wah 

Franh!-say or Frahnh!- 

Paygn-y' 

Lar-zhanh ! 

R'lwee-zay 

R'su 

Ray-ponh!ss 

For-te-fee-kah-seonk ! 

Y'wah-ture 

Sh'val 

May tr' (sound of ay, long) 

Trah-dwee-zay 

Zh'wahgn-yees-seay 

Day-zhuh!-nay 

Leevr' 

FahbP 



English. 

/ discover. 
say French. 
They paint. 
Money. 

They glittered. 
Received. 
Answer. 
Fortifications. 
Coach. 
Horse. 
Master. 
Translate. 
Might join. 
Breakfast. 
Books. 
Fable. 



J'apercois un vaisseau 
II n'entend pas le Francais 
Vos sceurs peigDeat tres biea 
Je devais de l'argent a votre 

pere 
L'or et l'argent reluisaient par- 
tout 
Je recus une lettre Samedi 

dernier 
Attendit-il la reponse ? 
Vendrai-je mon cheval ? 



Zha-payr-s'wah-zunh! vay-so 
Eel nanh'.-tana! pah 1' Franh!-say 
Vo suh'rr paiygn-y' tray beanh! 
Zh' d'vay d' lar-zhanh ! ah votr' 

(short o) pah 
Lorr ay lar-zhanh! r'lwee-zay par- 

too 
Zh' r'su-zuue lettr' Sam'-de dayr- 

neay 
A-tanh!-dee-teel lah ray-ponh!ss ? 
VanbJ-drayzh' monh! sh'val ? 





APPENDIX. 


121 




Lesson VIII. 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Les Saisons 


Lay Say-zonh! 


The Seasons. 


Le Printemps 


L'Pranh!-tanh! 


Spring. 


L'Ete 


Lay-tay 


Summer. 


L'Automne 


Lo-ton 


Autumn. 


L'Hiver 


Le vair 


Winter. 


Les Mois 


Lay M'wah 


The Months. 


Janvier 


Zhanh!-veay 


January. 


Fevrier 


Fay-vreay 


February. 


Mars 


Mahrss 


March. 


Avril 


-vreegl-ye 


April. 


Mai 


May 


May. 


Juin 


Zh'wanh! 


June. 


Juillet 


Zh'weegl-yay 


July, 


Aout 


Oo 


August. 


Septembre 


Sayp-tanh!br' 


September. 


Octobre 


Ok-tobr' 


October. 


Novembre 


No-vanh !br' 


November. 


Decenibre 


Day-sanh!br' 


December. 


Les Jours de la. 


Lay Zf.oor d' la 


The Dvys of 


Semaine. 


S'mais 


Week. 


Dimanche 


De-manli!sk 


Sunday. 


Lundi 


Lunh !-de 


Monday. 


Mardi 


Mar-de 


Tuesday. 


Mercredi 


Mayrkr'-de 


Wednesday. 


Jeudi 


Zhtttit-de 


Thursday. 


Vendredi 


Vanhldr'-de 


Friday. 


Samedi 


Sam^de 


Saturday. 



122 


APPENDIX. 






Lesson IX. 


- 


French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Monsieur 


Mo-seuh ! 


Sir. 


Bonjour 


Bonh!-zhoor 


Good morning. 


Aujourd'hui 


O-zhoord-wee 


To-day. 


Fort 


FOI* (aliorto) 


Hardy. 


Comment 


Ko-manh ! 


How. 


Porte 


Port (short o) 


To carry. 


Madame 


Ma-dam (^crt a's) 


Madame. 


Indisposee 


Anh !-deess-po-zay 


Indisposed. 


Faclie 


Fah-shay 


Sorry. 


Depuis 


D'puee or D'pwee 


Since. 


Medecin 


Mayd'-sanh ! 


Physician. 


Mademoiselle 


Mahd-m'wah-zayl 


Miss. 


Beaucoup 


Bo-koo 


Much. 


Charme 


Shar-may 


Glad. 


Suis 


S'wee 


Am. 


Bonjour, Monsieur 


Bonh'.-zhoor, Mo-seuh ! 


Monsieur, je vous souhaite le Mo-seuh! zh' 


voo soo-ayt 1' bonh!- 


bonjour 


zhoor 




Comment vous portez-vous Ko-manh! voo 


por-tay-voo o-zhoord- 


aujourd'hui 


wee? 




Je me porte fort bien Zh' m' port for beanh! 


Comment se porte 


Monsieur Ko-manh! s' port Mo-seuh! votr' 


votre pere ? 


pair 




11 se porte tres-bien, Monsieur Eel a" port tray-beanh! Mo-seuh! 


Comment se porte 


Madame Ko-manh! s' 


port Ma-dam votr' 


votre mere ? 


mair ? 




Elle est indisposee 


El ay tanh!-deess-po-zay 


Depuis quand est-elle malade ? D'pwee kanh 


ay-tel ma-lad ? 



APPENDIX. 



123 



FOR PRACTICE. 
Oh ! Maman, Maman ! si vous saviez comme j'ai bien travaille ce 
matin. En verite ! quel grand ouvrage as-tu done fait ? Attendez 
Maman! je crois que. Pourquoi 'i Parce que. Oui, Maman. Tres- 
bien. 



Lesson X, 



French. 

II faut 
Bonsoir 
Je souhaite 
Yotre sceur 
Chez vous 
Youlez-vous 
Bien oblige 
Je suis honteux 
Je dis 

Est-il certain ? 
Un fait 
Je crois 
Une affaire 



Pronunciation. 

Eelfo 

Bonh!-s'wahr 
Zh' soo-ayt 
Yotr' suhlrr 
Shay yoo 
Yoo-lay-voo 
Beanh! nob-le-zhay 
Zh' sVee honh!-tuh! 
Zh' dee 

Ay-teel sayr-tanh!? 
Unh! fay 
Zh' krVah 
Une af-fair 



English. 

/ must. 
Good evening. 
I loish. 
Your sister. 
At home. 
Will you. 
Mack obliged. 
I am ashamed. 
I say. 

Is it certain / 
A fact. 
I think. 
An affair. 

II faut que je vous quitte Eel fo k' zh' voo kit 

Au plaisir O pla-zeer 

Bonsoii, Mademoiselle Bonh'.-sVabr Mahd'-m'wah-zayl 

Je vous souhaite une bonne nuit Zh' voo soo-ayt une bon nuee 

Faites mes amities a Mademoi- Fait may-za-mit-teay ah Mahd' 

selle votre soaur mVah-zayl votr' suhlir 

Faites mes compliments chez Fait may konh!-ple-manh! shay 

vous voo 

Voulez-vous avoir la bonte Voo-lay-voo-za-vVahr lah bonh!- 

de * * * tay <T * * * 



124 


APPENDIX. 




Je vous suis bien oblige Zh' voo s'wee 


beanh!-nob-le-zhay 


Je suis honteux 


de la peine Zh' s'wee honh!-tuh! d'la pain k' 


que je vous donne zh' voo doi 


1 


N'en parlez pas, je vous prie Nanh! par-lay 


pah, zh' voo pree 


Je dis que, Oui 


Zh' dee k' wee 




Que voulez-vous dire ? K' voo-lay-voc 


deer ? 


Est-il certain que 


* * * ? Ay-teel sayr-tanh! k' * * * ? 


C'est un fait 


Say tunh! fay 




Je crois que non 


Zh' kr'wah k' nonh! 


Est-il possible ? 


Ay-teel po-seebl' ? 


Je m'en etonne! 


Zh' manh!-nay 


ton! 


Voila une affaire bien V'wah-lah une af-fair beanh!-nay- 


etrange! 


tranh'.zh! 






Lesson XL 




French. 


Pronunciation. 


English. 


Impossible 


Anh !-po-seebF 


Impossible. 


Tres-possible 


Tray-po-seebP 


Very possible. 


Etonnant 


Ay-ton-nanli ! 


Astonishing. 


Naturel 


Na-tu-rayl 


Natural. 


Surprendre 


Sure-pranh !dr' 


To be surprised. 


Mortifie 


Mor-te-feay 


Mortified. 


Dommage 


Do-mazh 


Pity. 


Piquant 


Pee-kanh ! 


Provoking. 


Sur la tete 


Sure lah tayt 


On the head. 


Epouvantable 


Ay-poo-vanh !-tahbl' 


Dreadful. 


Abominable 


A-bo-me-nabF 


Abominable. 


Mechant 


May-shanh! 


Wicked. 


Tranquille 


Tranh!-keel 


Quiet. 



APPENDIX. 



125 



Cela n'esfc pas impossible 

Cela est tres-posible 

Od devait s'y attendre 

Cela est naturel 

Cela va sans dire 

J'en suis fache 

Quel dommage 

Cela est bien triste 

Cela fait trembler 

Cela fait dresser les cbeveux 

sur la tete 
K!— fi done! 
C'est abominable! 
Vous etes bien mechant 
Pourquoi avez-vous fait cela ? 
Comment osez-vous faire cela ? 
Tenez-vous tranquille ! 
Ne pouvez-vous pas vous tenir 

tranquille ? 
Voulez-vous vous taire? 



S'lab nay pah-zanh!-po-seebl' 

S'lab ay tray-po-seebl' 

Onb! d'-vay see a-tanb!dr' 

S'lab ay na-tu-rayl 

S'lah vah sanb! deer 

Zhanb! s'wee fab-sbay 

Kel do-mazb 

S'lab ay beanb! treest 

S'lab fay tranb!-blay 

S'lab fay drai-say lay sb'vub! sure 

lah tay t 
Fee! — fee donh! 
Say-ta-bo-mee-nabl' 
Voo-zayt beanb! may-sbanb! 
Poor-kVab a-vay-voo fay s'lab ? 
Ko-manb! to-zay-voo fair s'lab ? 
T'nay-voo tranbi-keel! 
N'poo-vay-voo pah voo t'neer tranb! 

keel? 
Voo-lay-voo voo tair ? 



Lesson XII, 

Dialogue I. Salutation. 

Bonjour, Monsieur ! 
Bonb! zboor, Mo-seuh! 
Good morning, Sir. 

Je vous soubaite le bonjour. 
Zb'voo soo-ayt V bonb'.-zboor. 
/ wish you a good morning. 

Comment vous portez-vous ce matin ? 
Ko-manb! voo por-tay voo s'ma-tanb ! ? 
How are you this morning? 



\V 



126 APPENDIX. 



Fort bien, et vous-meme ? 
For beauh!, ay voo-maym ? 
Very well, and how are you ? 

Je me porte a merveille. 

Zb' m' port ah mayr-vaygl-ye. 

I am perfectly well. 

J'en suis bien aise, 
Zhanh! s'wee beanh!-naze. 
/ am glad of it. 



Dialogue II. Yisit. 



Quelqu'un sonne. 
Kel-kunh! son. 
Somebody rings. 

Allez, ouvrir la porte. 
Al-lay-zoo-vreer lab. port. 
Go, and open the door. 

Je vous soubaite le bonjour. 
Zb' voo soo-ay t V bonb'.-zhoor. 
Good morning to you. 

Je suis cbarme de vous voir. 

Zb' s'wee sbar-may d' voo Vwabr. 

I am very happy to see you. 

Asseyez-vous, je vous prie. 
A-say-yay-voo, zb' voo pree. 
Pray, be seated. 

Voulez-vous rester a diner avec nous ? 
Voo-lay-voo res-tay ah dee-nay a-vek noo ? 
Will you stay and dine with us? 

Je ne peux pas rester. II faut que je m'en aille. 
Zb J n' pub! pab res-tay. Eel fo 1^ zb' manb!-nabgl-ye. 
/ cannot stop. I must go. 

Vous pouvez bien rester encore un moment. 
Voo poo-vay beanb! res-tay anb!-kor unb! mo-maim!. 
Sure, you can stay a little longer. 



APPENDIX. 127 



Je resterai plus longtemps, une autre fois. 
Zh' rest'-ray plu lonh!-tanh!-zune otr' f'wak. 
/ will stop longer, another time. 

Je vous remercie de votre visite. 
Zh' voo r'mair-see d' votr' ve-zeet. 
/ thank you for your visit. 

Au plaisir. 
O play-zeer. 
Good-bye. 

Adieu. 

A-deuh! 

A-diexu 



FOR PRACTICE. 

H y a des terres, oh les eorps se conservent longtemps sans conniption. 
There are certain countries, where dead bodies remain, a long time 
without putrefaction. 

Chacun regarde les ehoses du cote qui le touche. 

Every one sees things as he is concerned in them. 

On l'aecuse d'avoir detoume ces foods. 

He is accused of having converted these funds to his own use. 

H pensait etre bien cache, mais on le deterra bientot. 
He thought himself ivell concealed, but he zoas soon discovered. 

L'ame et le corps constituent l'honiine. 

Body and soul are the constituent parts of man. 

Vous n'avez consulte pour cela que mon pere et ma mere. 

You consulted about it only with my father and my mother. 



128 



APPENDIX. 



Lesson XIII, 



Avez-vous aejeune? 
A-vay-voo day-zhuh!-nay ? 



Dialogue III. Breakfast. 

-• X. 1 



dejeune ? 
day-zhul 
Have you breakfasted? 

Pas encore. 
Pah-zanihl-kor. 

Not yd. 

Voua avrivez a propos. Le dejeuner est pret. 
Voo-za-ree-vay ah prop©. L' day-zhuh!-nay ay pray. 
Yon have come just in time. Breakfast is ready. 

Venez dejeuner. 
V'nay day-zhuh'.-nay. 
Come to breakfast. 

Prenez vous du the, ou du cafe ? 
Pr nay-yoo du tay, oo du ka-fay ? 
Will you take tea, or coffee? 

Je pre fere le cafe. 
Zb' pray-fair 1' ka-fay. 
/ prefer coffee. 

Voici des petits pains, et des roties. Lequel aimez-vous le mieux ? 
"V'wah-see day p'tee panh!, ay day vo-tee. J /kel ay-may- vool'meuh! ? 
Here are rolls and toast. Which do you like best ? 

Je preTere une rotie. 
Zh' pray-fair une ro-tee. 
/ prefer the toast. 

II est excellent. 
Eel ay-tex-sel lanh! 
It is excellent. 

Vous n'avez pas assez de lait. 
Yoo na vay pah za-say d' lay. 
You have not milk enough. 



APPENDIX. 129 



Faites comme si vous etiez chez vous. 
Fait kom see voo-zay-teay shay voo. 
Make yoicrself at home. 



Lesson XIV, 

Dialogue IT. Dinner. 

Que vous servirai-je ? 
KVoo sayr-ve-rayzh ? 
What shall I help you to ? 

Je vous remercie. Je vous demanderai un peu de bceuf. 
Zli voo r mayr-see. Zh' voo d'manh'.d'-ray unh! pub! d' buhlff. 
/ thank you. I will trouble you for a little beef. 

De quel cote le couperai-je ? 
D' kel ko-tay 1' koop'-rayzh ? 
Which way shall I cut it? 

Du premier cote venu. 
Du pr'meay ko-tay v'nu. 
Any way. 

Le voulez-vous bien cuit, ou peu cuit? 
LVoo-lay-voo beanh! kVee, oo puh! kVee ? 
Will you have it well done, or rare ? 

Pas trop cuit, s'il vous plait. 
Pah tro kVee, seel too play. 
Rather rare, if you please. 

Yous ai-je servi selon votre gout? 
Voo-zayzh sayr-vee s'looh! votr' goo ? 
Did I help you, to your taste? 

Tres bien ; — il est excellent 
Tray beanh! : — eel ay-tex-seManh! 
Very well ; — it is excellent. 

Maintenant, je vais vous envoyer un morceau de ce pate. 
Manh'.t'-nanh! zh' vay voo-zanh!-vVah-eay unh! mor-so d' s' pah-tay. 
Noic, 1 am going to send you, a piece of this meat-pie. 



Je prendrai de preference un morceau de ce pouding. 
Zh' prnnhld-ray d' pray-fay-ranh!s unh! mor-so d' s' poo-danh!g. 
/ prefer a piece of that pudding. 

Goutez de l'un et de l'autre. 
Goo-tay d' lunb!-nay d' lotr\ 
Try them both. 



Lesson XV. 



Dialogue Y. Tea. 

Avez-vous apporte tout ce qu'il faut pour le thi ? 
A-vay-voo-za-por-tay toose keel fo poor 1' tay ? 
Have you carried in the tea-things? 

Le the est tout pret. 
L' tay ay too pray. 
Tea is all ready. 

II nous faut encore deux tasses. 
Eel noo fo-tanh'.-kor duh! tass. 
We want two more cups. 

Apportez encore une cuiller, et une soucoupe. 
A-por-tay-zanh!-kor une kw'eegl-yair, ay une soo-koop. 
Bring another spoon and a saucer. 

Vous n'avez pas apporte les pinces. 
Voo na-vay pah-za-por-tay lay panh'.ss. 
You have not brought the sugar-tongs. 

Le the" est tres-fort. Je vous demanderai encore un peu de lait, 
L' tay ay tray -for. Zh' voo d'manh!d'-ray anh!-kor unh! puh! d'lay. 
The tea is very strong. J will thank you far a little more milk. 

Nous en avons abondamment. 
Noo-zanh!-na-vonh!-za-donh!-da-manh! 
We have plenty of it. 



APPENDIX. 131 



FOR PRACTICE. 

Au commencement de la Revolution, Paris fut divise en quarante 
huit sections. 

In the beginning of the Revolution, Paris tvas divided into forty- 
eight sections. 

La Religion a ete scellee et cimentee par le sang des martyrs. 

Religion has been sealed and cemented by the blood of martyrs. 

Apres les grandes choses qu'il a faites, il devraitetre rassasie de gloire. 

After the great deeds he has achieved, he must be tired of glory. 
Cette route est infestee de vouleurs qui ranconnent les passants. 

This road is infested by robbers who levy contributions upon travelers. 
Je ne ti'ouve pas plaisant que vous me meliez dans vos discours. 

/ don t find it at all pleasant to be the subject of your discourse. 



Lesson XVI. 



Dialogue YI. At School. 

Savez-vous votre lecon ? 
Sa-vay-voo votr' les-sonh! ? 
Do you know your lesson ? 

Je ne puis la reciter sans faute. 
Zh' n' p'wee lah ray-se-tay sank! fote. 
I cannot say it perfectly. 

Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas appris votre le§on 
Poor-kVah na-vay-voo pah-za-pree votr' les-sonhl 
Why did you not learn your lesson? 

Elle est trop difficile 1 
El ay tro dif-fe-seel ! 
It is too difficult ! 



Je la saurai sans faute, demain. 
Zh'lah so-ray sanh! fote, d' manh! 
I shall get it perfectly, by to-morrow. 



132 APPENDIX. 



Depechez-vous, le maitre sera ici tout a I'heure. 
Day-pai-shay-voo, la niaitr' s'rah e-see too-tall luh'.rr. 
Make haste, the master will be here presently. 

Qu'il vienne, a present je suis pret. 
Keel ve ain, ah pray-zanh! zh' s'wee pray. 
Let him come, I am ready now. 

Si vous ne l'apprenez pas, vous serez mis en retenue. 
See yoo irla-pr'nay pah, voo s'ray mee-zanh! rayt'-nu. 
If you don't learn it, you will be kept in. 



FOR PRACTICE. 

Les poltrons tirent sur Ten nemi, les braves le joigneut 
Cowards fire upon the enemy, the brave join with him. 

II faut habituer de bonne heure les enfans a supporter le froid et le 
chaud. 

Children must be early accustomed to endure heat and cold. 
II n'y a dans cette conduite, ni sagesse ni grandeur. 
There is neither wisdom nor dignity in this conduct 



Lesson XVII. 

Dialogue VII. Marketing, &c. 

II faut que vous alliez au march 6. 
Eel fo k' voo-zal-leay o mar-shay. 
You must go to market. 

Vous faut-il des oeufs, aujonrd'hui ? 
Voo fo-teel day-zuh! o-zhoord'-wee ? 
Do you want any eggs to-day ? 

Oui. Achetez des reufs et du beurre. 
Wee. A sh'-tay day-zuh ay du buhlrr. 
Yes. Buy some eggs and some butter. 



APPENDIX. 133 



Quelle viande commanderai-je aujourd'hui ? 
Kel ve-anh!d ko-manh!d'-rayzh o-zhoord-wee ? 
What meat shall I order today? 

Deux ou trois cotes de boeuf, et un gigot de mouton. 
Duh!-zoo tr'wak kote d'buh'.ff, ay unh! zbee-go d' moo-tonh! 
Two or three ribs of beef, and a leg of mutton. 

Voyez s'il a une bonne langue de boeuf. 
V'wah-eay seel ab une bon laublg d'buh'.ff. 
See if he has a good beef's tongue. 

Prenez pour deux scbeliugs de maquereaux. 
Pr'nay poor dub! sh'lanb! d' mak'-ro. 
Get two shillings' worth of mackerel. 

Marcbandez les soles. 
Mar-shauh!-day lay sole. 
Ask the price of soles. 

Si elles ne sont pas trop cheres, prenez-en deux d'une bonne taille. 
See el n'sonb! pali tro sbair, pr nay-zanb! dub! dune bon tabgl-ye. 
If they are not too dear, buy a pair of good size. 

Dites-lui d'envoyer aussi la note. 
Deet-1'wee danb!-vVab-eay o-see lab not. 
Tell him to send also his bill. 

Que voulez-vous pour votre diner aujourd'hui ? 
K' voo-lay-voo poor votr' dee-nay o-zhoord-wee ? 
What toill you have for your dinner to-day ? 

Donnez nous un gigot d'agneau, avec des biftecks et une salade. 
Do-nay -noo-zunh! zhee-go dagn-yo, a-vek day bif-tek-zay une sa-lad. 
Give us a leg of lamb, with beefsteaks and salad. 



Lesson XVIII. 

Dialogue (continued). 

Faites bouillir des pois, et des pommes de terre. 
Fait boo-eegl-yeer day pwah, ay day pom d' tayr. 
Boil some peas, and potatoes. 



13 



13-i APPENDIX. 



A quelle heure voulez-vous diner ? 
Ah kel-luh!rr voo-lay-voo dee-nay ? 
What lime will you have dinner? 

Faites-nous diner a six heure9. 
Fait-noo dee-nay ah see-zuh!rr. 
Let us have dinner at six o'clock. 

Messieurs, servez-vous. 
May-seuh!, sayr-vay-voo. 
Gentlemen, help yourselves. 

Vous n'avez pas de jus. 
Voo na-vay pah d' zhu. 
You have no gravy. 

Pardonnez-moi, j'en ai suffisamment. 
Par-do-nay-m'wah, zhauh!-nay su-fee za-manh! 
/ thank you, I have plenty. 

Voulez-vous du pain blanc, ou du pain bis ? 
Voo-lay-voo du panh! blanh!, oo du panh! bee ? 
Will you have white bread, or brown bread? 

Cela m'est indifferent. 
S'lah may-tanh'.-dee-fay-ranh! 
It is quite indifferent to me. 

Vous etes un pauvre mangeur. 
Voo-zayt-zunh! povr' manh'.-zhuh'.rr. 
You are a poor eater. 

Je vous demande pardon, je mange fort bien. 
Zh' voo d'manhld par-donh!, zh' manh'.zh for beanh! 
/ ask your pardon, I eat very heartily. 

FOR PRACTICE. 

Le New York nomme' quelquefois FLtat de l' Empire, a cause de 
ses ressources et de sa population, occupe une des plus belle regions de 
l'Amerique du Nord, et l'emporte sur tous les autres ^Itats par sa popu- 
lation, sa riehesse et son commerce. 

Oui, vraiment, tout-a-1'heure, et j'arrive a temps pour vous mettre 
en garde ; ainsi, vous n'avez aucun depot d'armes ? Et vous papiers ? 
n'est-il aucune lettre qui vous compromette ? 



APPENDIX. 135 



Lesson XIX. 

Dialogue YIII. Ride in an Omnibus. 

Faites signe au cocher de s'arreter. 
Fait seegn-y o ko-shay d' sa-ray-tay. 
Motion to the driver to stop. 

II n' y a pas de place. Nous sommes au complet ! 
Eel nee ah pah d' plass. Noo-som-zo konh!-play! 
There is no room. We are full. 

Voici un autre omnibus. 
V'wah-see unh! notr' om-nee-buce. 
Here is another omnibus. 

Montez d'abord. 
Monh'-tay da-bor. 
You get in. 

Je ne puis pas m'asseoir. 
Zh' n' pVee pah ma-s'wahr. 
/ cant sit dovm. 

Monsieur, voulez-vous avoir la bont6 de reculer un peu ? 
Mo-seuh!, voo-lay-voo-za-v'wahr lah bonh!-tay d' r'ku-layunh! puh ? 
Sir, will you be so kind, as to sit a little further on ? 

Nous allons tres-lentement. 
Noo-za-lonh! tray-lanb'.t'-mauh! 
We are going very slowly. 

La rue est encombree de voitures. 
Lah ru ay-tanh!-konh!-bray d' v'wah-ture. 
The street is crowded with carriages. 

Quand je suis presse je ne monte jamais en omnibus. 
Kanh! zh's'wee pr'say zh' n'monhlt zha-may-zanh! nom-nee-buce. 
When I am in a hurry, I never take an omnibus. 

Ou sommes-nous maintenant ? 
Oo zom-noo manh'.t'-nanh! ? 
Where are we now? 



136 APPENDIX. 



Nous sommes dans la rue * * *. 
Noo zom dauh! lah ru * * *. 
We are in * * * street. 

Cocher, descendez-moi au coin de la rue * * *. 
Ko-shay, day-sanh!-day m'wah o k'wanh! d' la ru * * 
Driver, set me down at the corner of * * * street. 



Lesson XX, 

Dialogue IX. Embarking, Landing, &c. 

Quand partez-vous pour la France ? 
Kanh! par-tay-voo poor lah Franhlss ? 
When do you leave for France? 

Je partirai dans deux jours. 
Zh' par-te-ray danhlduh! zhoor. 

I shall leave in two days. 

Je vous conseille d'aller arreter votre case immediatement. 
Zlf voo konh-saygl-ye da-lay ar-ray-tay votr'kahz im-may-dee-ayt'raanh! 
/ advise you to go and secure your berth immediately. 

Prenez-vous une premiere, ou une seconde place ? 
Pr'nay-voo-zune pr'me-air, oo une s'gonhld plass ? 
Will you take the main cabin, or the second cabin? 

Prenons les premieres places. 
Pr'nonh! lay pr'me-air plass. 
Let its go in the main cabin. 

A quelle heure le bateau part-il ? 
Ah kel-luhhr 1' ba-to par-teel? 
What time does the packet start ? 

II part a quatre heures de l'apres-midi. 
Eel par-tab kattr' uh'.rr d' la-pray -me-dee. 
She leaves at four o'clock in the afternoon. 

On va parti r. Xentends la clocbe. 
Onb! vab par-teer. Zhanh!-tanh! lah klosh. 
They aregoing to start. I hear the bell. 



APPENDIX. 137 



Nous voici embarques. 
Noo v'wah-see-anh!-bar-kay. 
Here we are on board. 

Je vous souhaite tin bon voyage! 
Zh' voo soo-ayt unh! bonh! v'wah-eazh! 
/ wish you a pleasant voyage! 

Je vous remercie. 
Zh' voo r'mayr-see. 
I thank you. 

Ecrivez-inoi promptement. 
Ay-kree-vay-mVah prohh'.t-manhL 
Write to me without delay. 

Certainement 

iSayr-tayn'-ruanh! 

Certainly. 

Descendons a la chambre. 
Day-sanh!-donh!-zah lah shanh!br\ 
Let us go down into the cabin. 

Ou est ma case* 
Oo ay mah kahz ? 
Where is my berth ? 

La voici, Monsieur ; votre nom y est 6crit. 
Lab vVah-see, Mo-seuh! ; votr' nonb! ee ay-tay-kree. 
Here it is, Sir; your name is written upon it. 

Veuillez mettre mon sac de nuit dans ma case. 
Vub!gl-yay mettr' raonh! sak d' nVee danb! mab kabz. 
Have the goodness top ut my carpet-bag in my berth, 

Entendez-vous le druit be la machine ? 
Anb!-tanh!-bay-voo l'dr'wee d' lah ma-sheen ? 
Do you hear the noise of the engine i 

Elle fait trembler tout le bateau. 
El fay tranbl-blay tool' ba-to. 
It shakes the whole vessel, 

Allons sur le pont. 
A-lonh! sure 1' ponh!. 
Let us go on deck. 



12* 



138 



APPENDIX. 



Quel est cet homme debout sur le tambour ? 
Kel ay set-tom d'boo sure 1' tanh!-boor? 
Who is that man standing on the paddle-box ? 

C'£st le Capitaine ; — il y monte pour donner ses ordres. 
Sayl' Ka-pee-tayn ; — eel ee monh'.t poor do-nay say-zordr\ 
It is the Captain ; — he goes up there to give his commands. 

La mer est grosse. 
Lah mair ay gross. 
The sea is roug/u 

Je vais a la chambre ; — je ne me sens pas tout a fait a mon aise. 
Zh' vay-zah lab shanblbr' ; — zb' n' m'sanb! pab too-tali fay abmon-nayz. 
1 am going into the cabin; — / dont feel quite at my ease. 

Qu'avez-vous ? 
Ka-vay-voo ? 
What's the matter with you ? 

J'aurai le mal de mer, si je reste plus longtemps sur le pont. 
Zbo-ray 1' mal d' mair, zee zb' rest plu lonbl-tanb! sure 1' ponb!. 
I shall be sea-sick, if I remain longer on the deck. 

Quant a moi, je ne suis pas sujet au mal de mer. 
Kanb!-tab m'wab, zb' n' s'wee pah su-zbay o mal d' mair. 
For my part, I am not liable to sea-sickness. 

Je voudrais pouvoir en dire autant 
Zb' voo-dray poo-v'wabr anb! deer o-tanb!. 
/ wish I could say as much. 

Le vent est moins fort qu'il ne l'etait. 
L' vanh! ay m'wanb! for keel n' lay-tay. 
The wind is not so high as it was. 

Combien filons-nous de nceuds a l'beure ? 
Konh!-beanh! fee-lonh!-noo d' nub!-zab lub!rr ? 
How many knots an hour are we running? 

Nous filons dix noeuds a l'bem-e. 
Noo fee-lonb dee nuh!-zab luhlrr. 
We are making ten knots an hour. 

Je crois que j'apercois la cote. 
Zb' krVab k' zha-pair-s'wab lab kote. 
/ think I can see the coast. 



APPENDIX. 139 



Nous serous bient6t arrives. 
Noo s'ronb! beanb!-to-ta-ree-vay. 
We shall soon be in. 

Nous y voila ! 
Noo-zee v'wab-lab ! 
Here ice are ! 

Dieu merci, nous voici arrives soins et saufs! 
Deuh! maii--see, noo v'wah-see a-ree-vay sanh!-zay sofe ! 
Thank God, we have arrived safe and sound! 

Quelle heure est-il ? 
Kcl-lub!rr ay-teel ? 
What o'clock is it? 

Nous ne pouvons pas entrer au port; — la maree est basse. 
Noon' poo-vonb! pab-zanb'.-tray o port ; — lab may -ray ay babss. 
We cannot enter the harbor; — the tide is low. 

Voici les Douaniers. 
Wab-see lay Doo-a-neay. 
Here are the Ci(sto7n-House officers. 

Messieurs, veuillez me remettre vos passeports. 
May-seub!, vub'.gl-yay m' r'mettr' vo pass-por. 
Gentlemen, please deliver me your passports. 

Vos effets seront visites dans trois heures. 
Vp-ze-fay s'ronb! vee-zee-tay daub! tr'wab-zublrr 
Your baggage will be examined in three hours. 

Ce delai est fort desagreable. 
S' day -lay ay for day-zab-gray-abbr. 
This delay is very disagreeable. 

Ne me rendres-vous pas mon passeport ? 
N' m' raub!-dray-voo pab monb! pass-port ? 
Won't you give me back my passport ? 

On vous le rendra a Paris, a la prefecture de police. 
Onb! voo 1' raub!-drab ab Pa-ree, ab lab pray-fek-ture d' po-leess. 
It will be returned to you, in Paris, at the prefecture of the police. 

Voulez-vous visiter cette malle tout de suite, s'il vous plait ? 
Voo-lay-voo vee-zee-tay set mal too d' s'weet, seel voo play ? 
Will you examine this trunk directly, if you please? 



140 APPENDIX. 



Prenez bien garde de rien abimer! 
Pr'nay beanh! gard d' reanh! na-bee-may ! 
Take great care not to spoil anything ! 

Dites-moi, s'il vous plait, quel est el meilleur hotel. 
Deet m'wab, seel voo play, kel ay 1' maygl-y uh'.r o-tel. 
Tell me, if you please, which is the best hotel. 

II y en a plusieurs excellents. 
Eel ee anh!-nah plu-zeuh!r ex-sel-lanh!. 
There are several very good ones. 

Faites-moi le plaisir de m' indiquer le meilleur. 
Fait-m'wah 1' play-zeer d' manh!-dee-kay l'maygl-yuh!r 
Do me the favor to direct me to the best 

Si vous le desirez, je vais vous y conduire. 
See voo 1' day -zee ray, zh' vay voo-zee konh!-d'weer. 
If you desire it, I will take you there. 



Exercises in Pronunciation and Reading ; — on which, the Teacher 
will ask such questions as he thinks best. 

Les vallies sont peu nombreuses dans l'lllinois ; — les bords des rivi- 
eres se composent pour la plupart de mornes eleves qui offrent, lies 
points de vue magnifiques et pittoresques. Entre ces hauteurs abruptes, 
et le cours d' eau, on recontre quelquefois d' etroites vallees dune ine- 
puisable fertility. Les praires sont nombreuses et vastes dans cet Etat ; — 
elles se couvrent de hautes herbes sauvages, et sont parsemees de bois 
a de rares intervalles. 

On venait de livrer a la circulate ^u le chemiu de fer de Paris a 
Rouen. Cet evenement etait rappele a tout propos et dans toutes les 
conversations. Tousles curieux de Paris, etils etaient en grand nombre, 
ne songeaient qu' au plaisir de se passer la fantasie de faire en quelquos 
heures un voyage d'agrement jusqu' a Fancienne capitale de la province 
de Normandie. 

Le travail est le pere du plaisir. 

Sens le travail, pas de bonheur. 

Etre cheri vaut mieux qu' etre vante. 

L' aptitude au travail, voila le vrai tresor. 

Ce n'est pas de vivre longtemps quil importe, mais de vivre bien. 



APPENDIX. 141 



Lesson XXI. 

Dialogue X. The Watch. 

Savez-vous quelle heure il est? 
Sa-vay-voo kel-luhlr eel ay? 
Do you know what time it is ? 

Je ne sauvais vous le dire exactement. 
Zb n' so-ray voo F deer eg-zact-rnanh!. 
/ cannot tell you exactly. 

Regardez a votre montre. 
R'gar-day ah votr' monhltr'. 
Look at your watch. 

J'ai oublie de la monter. 
Zhay oo-bleay d' lab. monh!-tay. 
I forgot to wind it up. 

Quelle heure est-il a la votre ? 
Kel-luh!r ay-teel ah lab votr' ? 
Wliat time is it by yours ? 

La mienne ne va pas bien. 
Lab me-ain n vah pah be-anbl 
Mine does not go well. 

Elle est derangee. 
El ay day-ranh'.-zhay. 
It is out of order. 

Le grand ressort est casse. 
L' gi'anh! re-sor ay ka-say. 
The main-spring is broken. 

D faut la faire reparer. 
Eel fo lah fair ray-pa-ray. 
You mast get it mended. 

FOR PRACTICE. 

La voix de la raison ne manquera pas de se faire entendre, 
TJie voice of reason will certainly be heard. 



142 APPENDIX. 



Si Ton ne donne a boire a ces chiens ils enrageront 
If they do not give these dogs some drink, they will run mad. 
Quand une opinion vient a s'enraciner, il est difficile de la detruire. 
When an opinion is rooted, it is difficult to get rid of it. 
Les menteurs sont les enfants du diable. 
Liars are children of the devil. 

Une foule de cultivateurs ont emigre d' Europe en Amerique. 
Crowds of husbandmen have emigrated from Europe to America. 



Lesson XXIL 

Dialogue XI. The Fire. 

Yoici un pauvre feu! 
Vwah-see unh! povr' fuh! 
Here is a poor fire! 

Venez, arranger le feu. 
V'nay-za-ranh!-zhay 1' fuh! 
Come, make -up the fire. 

Que cherchez-vous ? 
K' shair-shay- voo ? 
What are you looking for ? 

Je cherche les pincettes. 
Zh' shair-shay lay panh!-sayt. 
I am looking for the tongs. 

Les voici dans le coin. 

Lay v'wah-see danh! 1' k'wanh! 

Here they are in the comer. 

Allez chercher le soufflet. 
A-lay shair-shay 1' soo-flay. 
Go and bring the bellows. 

Soufflez le feu. 
Soo-flay T fuh! 
Blow the fire. 



APPENDIX. 143 



Y a-t-il du charbons dans le seau ? 
Ee ah-teel du shar-bonh! dauh! l'so ? 
Are there any coals in the scuttle ? 

N'en mettez pas trop a la fois. 
Nanh!-met-tay pah tro ah lah f \vah. 
Do not put on too many at a time. 

Vous avez presque etouffe le feu. 
Vooza-vay presk ay too-fay V fuh! 
You have almost smothered the fire. 

H va prendre dans un instant. 
Eel vah pranh'.dr danh-zunh!-nanh!-stanh' 
It will bum presently. 

Maintenant voici un bon feu. 
Manh!t-nanh! vVah-see unh! bonh! fuh! 
Now the fire is very good. 



FOR PRACTICE. 

Ce pain n'est pas cuit, ce nest que de la pate. 
That bread is not baked, 'tis nothing but dough. 

Contentement passe richesse. 
Contentment is beyond wealth. 

II vent parvenir a quelque prix que ce soit. 

He is determined to rise in the world, whatever it may cost. 

Les troupes de la garnison bordaient le parapet. 
Tlie troops of the garrison manned the parapet. 

Cela parait comme le nez au milieu du visage. 
That is as plain as the nose on one's face. 

II ne vaut pas le pain, qu'il mange. 
He is not worth the bread he eats. 

Avez- vous oui dire cette nouvelle ? 
Have you heard that piece of neivs ? 

Les services mutuels nourrissent l'amitie. 
Mutual services strengthen friendship. 



144 


APPENDIX. 


Form and 


Name of 


French Letters. 


Form. 




Name. 


A a 




All. 


B b 




Bay. 


C c 




Say. 


D d 




Day. 


E e 




A „ /like AY in tbe\ 
-ft-y V word DAY. ) 


F f 




Ef. 


Gg 




Zhay. 


Hh 




Ash. 


I i 




Ee. 


J J 




Zhee. 


Kk 




Kah. 


LI 




El. 


Mm 




Em. 


Nn 




En. 


Oo 




0. 


Pp 




Pay. 


Qq 




Ku. 


Rr 




Er. 


S s 




Es. 


T t 




Tay. 


Uu 




IJ. 


Vv 




Vay. 


Xx 




Eex. 


Yy 




E greek. 


Z z 




Zed. 



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